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VIU Biology 202 - Ecology > Organisms - Behavioural Ecology > Flashcards

Organisms - Behavioural Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the costs and benefits of social interactions?

A

Costs: predation, competition, territories, dominance hierarchies

Benefits: survival, protection, mating, feeding

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2
Q

How do behaviour, evolution, and environment affect one another?

A

Interactions result from environmental selection pressures. Interactions that increase fitness are passed on to the next generation through evolution.

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3
Q

How do individuals’ behaviour affect populations?

A

Each successful species resulted from an ancestor that produced offspring, but not all individuals are successful. This selection shapes populations over time.

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4
Q

Five types of behaviours

A

Social interactions, optimal foraging, predation & parasitism, sexual competition, and plant behaviours

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5
Q

What is behavioural ecology?

A

Interactions among conspecifics that can drive evolutionary adaptations

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6
Q

What is optimal foraging theory?

A

A model for explaining how food choices and intake are maximized to increase fitness

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7
Q

What behaviours result from parasitism?

A

Parasites may alter a host’s behaviour to increase their own fitness.

Brood parasites use another species to raise their own young - parental care cost to parasite is transferred to host

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8
Q

How does sexual competition lead to sexual selection?

A

Males are pressured to mate with as many females as possible. Females are pressured to produce quality offspring.

Females select the males with the most impressive displays of fitness over their competitors.

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9
Q

Contrast male vs. female sexual selection

A

Males focus on quantity of mates, while females focus on quality of offspring.

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10
Q

What are some examples of social interactions (4)?

A

Selfish - Actor gains, recipient loses
Co-operative - Actor and recipient gain
Altruistic - Actor loses, recipient gains
Spiteful - Actor and recipient lose

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11
Q

How do plants behave (4)?

A

Plants can recognize kin - will lower competition

Airborne communication - VOC’s warn of herbivory

Tri-trophic signals - release of hormones that attract the herbivore’s predator

Sex ratio determination - sex ratio changed in response to sex ratio in wind-borne pollen

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12
Q

Conspecific

A

Individuals of the same species

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13
Q

Intraspecific

A

Traits/character of individuals of the same species

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14
Q

Social behaviours

A

Interactions between individuals of the same species

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15
Q

Adaptive traits

A

Inherited genetic attributes

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16
Q

Fitness

A

Capacity for passing on traits to the next generation

17
Q

Optimal foraging behaviour traits

A

Behaviours that enhance adaptive fitness

18
Q

Coevolution

A

Influence of closely associated species on one another

19
Q

Sexual selection

A

Selects for traits that increase attraction of mates

20
Q

Viability selection

A

Limits on ornamentation when they reduce survival

21
Q

What causes variation?

A

Variation in traits may be caused by genetic changes (single or multiple genes) or plasticity

22
Q

Plasiticity

A

Developmental response to varying environmental conditions - degree of gene expression

23
Q

Selfish interactions

A

Actor gains fitness, while recipient loses it

24
Q

Cooperative interactions

A

Both actor and donor gain fitness

25
Q

Altruistic interactions

A

Actor loses fitness, while recipient gains it

26
Q

Spiteful interactions

A

Both actor and recipient lose fitness

27
Q

Factors involved in optimal foraging theory

A

Energy gained from eating food vs. energy lost by obtaining food

Time, energy, and risk determine food selection

28
Q

Parasitism

A

One species benefits at another’s expense

29
Q

Secondary sexual characters

A

Ornaments/weapons resulting from female choice

30
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Noticeable differences in features between the sexes

31
Q

Intrasexual competition

A

Male vs. male conflicts through displays and violence - the best male will mate

32
Q

Intersexual competition

A

Male vs. female conflicts through ornamentation and presentation

33
Q

Sexual conflict

A

Risky mating interactions, usually harmful to the female

34
Q

Convenience polyandry

A

Female will accept males because of conflict costs

VIU Biology 202 - Ecology (9 decks)

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