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T14 MF4 > Organisms > Flashcards

Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

What are endospores?

How do they differ in structure to bacteria?

A

Metabolically dormant bacteria that are resistant to heat, cold, drying, and chemicals.

They have a wall of keratin-like protein and an outer layer known as an exosporium

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2
Q

Descirbe the cell wall of bacteria

A
  1. Inner plasma membrane with embedded protein
  2. Middle peptidoglycan layer (thin in negative and thick with lipotechoic acid in positive)
  3. Outer membrane with embedded lipid protein and polysaccharides (in negative)
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3
Q

Fill in the following chart concerning gram positive and negative bacteria

A
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4
Q

What are 5 different shapes of bacteria?

A
  1. Cocci = spherical
    - Can be diplococci (pairs), clusters, or chains
  2. Bacilli = rods
  3. Coccobacilli = short rods
  4. Spiral = comma, S, or spiral shaped
  5. Pleomorphic = lacking a distinct shape
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5
Q

Define the following:

  1. Obligate aerobes
  2. Facultative anaerobes
  3. Microaerophilic bacter
  4. Obligate anaerobes
A
  1. Bacteria needing O2; use ETC for energy
  2. Bacteria that prefer O2 and using ETC for energy but can use fermentation in the absence of O2
  3. Use fermentation for energy and have no ETC but can stay alive in low O2 conditions
  4. Use ferementation for energy and have no ETC; cannot tolerate any O2
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6
Q

Define the following:

  1. Exotoxins
  2. Endotoxins
A
  1. Proteins released by bacteria
  2. Toxins (LPS) in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria
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7
Q

What is an atypical bacteria?

A

A bacteria that doesn’t color with gram-staining

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8
Q

What are 5 characteristics of fungi?

A
  1. Eukaryotic
  2. Cell walls with chitin (long-chain glucose derivative)
  3. Aerobic metabolism
  4. Growth and/or spores as mobility
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9
Q

What are the 3 different types of fungi? How do they reproduce?

A
  1. Yeast = unicellular fungal growths; reproduce via budding
  2. Mold = multicellular clumps of intertwined branching hyphae; reproduce via spores
  3. Dimorphic fungi = fungi that grow as either yeast or mold depending on the environment/temperature
    - Usually grow as yeast at body temperatures
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10
Q

Define the following:

  1. Hyphae
  2. Spores
  3. Saprophytes
A
  1. Threadlike branching cylindrical tubules of fungal cells, growing longitudinally; combine to create molds
  2. Reproducing bodies of molds
  3. Fungi that live in/utilize organic matter as an energy source
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11
Q

Describe the structure of the fungal cell covering

A
  1. Cell membrane = bilayered innermost layer; contains sterol (including ergosterol)
  2. Layer of chitin between cell membrane and wall
  3. Cell wall = membrane of carbohydrates and proteins
  4. Capsule = polysaccharide coating around the cell wall, often acting as an anti-phagocytic virulence factor
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12
Q

What are 5 groups of fungi? What is their common name? How do they reproduce? Give examples:

A
  1. Chytridiomycota = Chytrids = Branching hyphae that reproduce with flagellated gametes; ex. Synchytrium
  2. Zygomycota = Bread molds = Branching molds; reproduce with spores; ex. Rhizopus stolonifer
  3. Ascomycota = Sac fungi = Septated cells; reproduce with spores; ex. Penicillium, S. Cerevisiae
  4. Basidiomycota = Club fungi = Septate cells forming a fruiting blody; reproduce with spores; ex. Mushrooms
  5. Glomeromycota = Mycorrhizae; reproduce with spores; ex. Acaulospora
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13
Q
A
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14
Q

What are 4 characteristics of viruses?

A
  1. Energy-less
  2. Protein coat surrounding genetic material
  3. Contain either DNA or RNA, and never both
  4. Replicate only within a host cell, using the host cell’s machinery
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15
Q

What are the 5 classes of viruses when categorized according to nucleic acid? How do they each replicate?

A
    • ss RNA = immediate translation from RNA to proteins
    • ss RNA = transcription from - to + RNA by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, followed by translation to proteins
  3. Retroviruses = RNA reverse transcribed to DNA by reverse transcriptase (RNA dependent DNA polymerase) followed by incorporation into host genome
  4. ss DNA = transcription to mRNA followed by translation to proteins
  5. ds DNA = transcription to + mRNA followed by translation to proteins
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16
Q
  1. What are the only viruses that have a double stranded RNA genome?
  2. What are the only viruses that have a single stranded DNA genome?
A
  1. Reoviridae (ex. Rotavirus)
  2. Parvovirus
17
Q

What are capsids made of and what is their function in bacteria?

A

1 or more polypeptide chains organized into a globular protein subunit

  1. Protect viral genome
  2. Deliver genome to host cell
  3. Interact with host cell
18
Q

What are the 3 types of capsids and what kind of nucleic acid may they contain?

A
  1. Icosahedral (pentamers + hexamers) = RNA or DNA
  2. Prolate (elongated icosahedron on a triangular cylinder) = RNA or DNA
  3. Helical (helices, 1D or 2D) = only RNA
19
Q

What is a viral bacterial envelope and what are bacteria called with or without one?

A

A lipid bilary membrane covering some capsids and containig the glycoproteins from the host membrane from which it was derived.

No envelope = naked

Envelope = enveloped

20
Q

Regarding ss/ds, capsid, location of replication, and envelope…

  1. DNA viruses usually:
  2. RNA viruses usually:
A
  1. Are double stranded, have icosahedral symmetry, and replicate in the nucleus.
  2. Are single stranded, enveloped, have helical capsid symmetry, and replicate in the cytoplasm
21
Q

What are the 4 steps of viral replication?

A
  1. Adsorption and penetration –> complete endocytosis or membrane fusion
  2. Uncoating of the virus
  3. Synthesis and assembly of viral products (differs depending on starting genetic material)
  4. Release of virions from host cell via budding (enveloped) or lysis/exocytosis (naked)
22
Q

Define the following:

  1. Virus latency
  2. Episomal
  3. Proviral
A
  1. Ability of a pathogenic virus to remain dormant within a cell
  2. Viral genes stored in the cytoplasm or nucleus as distinct objects (ex. Herpes, EBV, CMV)
  3. Viral genes are stored within the DNA of the host cell (ex. HIV)

T14 MF4 (7 decks)

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