Anatomy Flashcards
What are the 3 layers of the skin?
- Epidermis = thin outermost
- Dermis = thick middle with nerves and vessels
- Hypodermis / subcutaneous = deepest with fat and connective tissue
What are 4 skin regions that differ in regards to their bacterial flora?
- Axilla/perineum/toe webs
- Face/trunk
- Upper arms/legs
- Naval
What tissues do not have lymphatics?
- Avascular tissue (ex. epidermis, cornea, cartilage)
- CNS
- Parts of the spleen
- Red bone marrow
What is the order in which lymph flows:
What causes it to flow?
Interstitium –> lymphatic capillaries –> lymphatic vessels –> lymphatic ducts –> veins
Skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump help move lymph.
What is the structure of the lymphatic capillaries?
Overlapping endothelial cells to create a “one way door”
Anchoring fliaments attach them to surrounding tissues
What is the structure of lymphatic vessels? Where are they located? What route do they take (generally)?
Thin-walled vessels full of one-way valves
Located in the subcutaneous tissue for the skin and within the viscera
In the skin they follow veins; in the viscera they follow arteries
What are lymph trunks? Name them.
Joining of lymphatic vessels that exit lymph nodes within a particular region of the body.
R/L lumbar, intestinal, R/L bronchomediastinal, R/L subclavian, R/L jugular
Indicate which parts of the body each lymph trunk drains:
- Lumbar
- Intestinal
- Bronchomediastinal
- Subclavian
- Jugular
- Lower limbs, pelvic wall, pelvic viscera, kidneys, adrenal glands, abdominal wall
- Stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, part of liver
- Thoracic wall, lungs, heart
- Upper limbs
- Head, neck
What are the two lymph ducts? What trunks do they drain? How long are they? Where do they drain lymph into?
- Thoracic / left lymphatic
- Drain R/L lumbar, intestinal, L bronchomediastinal, L subclavian, L jugular
- 38-45 cm in length
- Drains into junction of L internal jugular and L subclavian - Right lymphatic
- Drain R jugular, R subclavian, R bronchomediastinal
- 1.2 cm in length
- Drains into junction of R internal jugular and R subclavian
Thymus
- Where is it located?
- What is its structure?
- What cells does it contain in which areas?
- Mediastinum, between sternum and aorta
- Bilobed, with lobes held together and separated by connective tissue capsule
Lobes separate into lobules by trabeculae
Lobules separated into outer cortex and central medulla
- Cortex has T cells, DCs, macrophages, and epithelial cells
Medulla has T cells, DCs, macrophages, epithelial cells, and Hassall’s corpuscles
Lymph nodes:
- How many are in our body?
- Where are large groupings of them located?
- What is the path throug which lymph flows through them?
- About 600
- Axilla, groin, mammary glands
- Afferent lymphatic vessels –> sinuses –> sub-capsular sinuses –> trabecular sinus –> medullary sinuses –> efferent lymphatic vessels
Spleen:
- Where is it located?
- How big is it?
- What indentations does it have from other organs?
- What is its structure?
- What is the blood flow to and from it?
- Left hypochondriac region bretween stomach and diaphragm
- 12 cm
- Gastric, renal, colic
- Outer stroma containing capsule, trabecular extensions, reticular fibers, and fibroblasts
Inner parenchyma containing white pulp (lymphocytes and macrophages around central arteries) and red pulp (venous sinuses and splenic cords of rbc, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and granulocytes)
- Splenic arteries –> central arteries in white pulp –> venous sinuses in red pulp –> splenic vein
Label the following image of the spleen:
Lymphatic nodules:
- What are they?
- Where are they located?
- Give examples of aggregations.
- Egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule
- Throughout lamina propria of mucous membranes lining the GI, urinary, repro, and respiratory tract
- Tonsils, Peyer’s patches (ileum), and appendix
List the 6 tonsils
- Pharyngeal / adenoid
- L palatine
- R palatine
- L tubal
- R tubal
- Lingual
Label the following image of inside the spleen.
