Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 2017 > Organisms > Flashcards

Organisms Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do all organisms that reproduce sexually begin as

A

Fertilised eggs or zygotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Are all cells in the body genetically identical?

A

Yes, excluding mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens in a cell as at begins to divide?

A

Certain genes are activated and others are inactivated, activated ones are activated to produce certain proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the hierarchy from smallest to largest

A

Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Organisms ability to maintain internal consistency and respond to environment change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

We … And …. To external stimuli

A

Detect and respond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Three example of receptors

A

Thermoreceptors, auditory receptors, photoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define the pain threshold

A

The level at which the body has to respond to stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are nerves

A

They transmit information from the environment to the brain via nerve cells and back to muscle for a responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemicals from endocrine glands travel around blood to bring out an effect or response in another tissue or organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do the nervous and endocrine system work together

A

They control and regular homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

An example of how the endocrine and hormone system work together

A

If body temperature rises the nervous system causes the body to sweat and the heart rate to increase, whilst the hormonal system will caused decreased metabolism and vasoconstriction shut vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two different types of hormones

A

Peptide and Steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define peptides

A

Action occurs on the exterior of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define steroids

A

Water soluble and hence passes through membrane to work on the inside of the target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stimulus response model from left to right

A

Stimulus -> Receptor -> Coordinator -> Effector -> Response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Location of the stimulus

A

External / Internal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Location of the receptor

A

Cell / Organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Location of the coordinator

A

Brain/ Spinal Chord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Location of effector

A

Muscle / Gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Location of response

A

Movement / Secrete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What two systems make up the nervous systems

A

Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Two aspects of the central nervous system

A

Brain and the spinal chord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the two aspects of the peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic (Sensory) N.S & Autonomic (motor/ movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What connects the somatic and autonomic N.S

A

Central Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Two aspects of the autonomic n.s

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight / Flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Rest / Digest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a sympathetic response

A

The body shuts down everything unnecessary and highlights what is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How does the nervous system react to increased body temperature

A

Sweat, Hair Flattens, Increased heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How does the hormonal system contribute to decreased body temperature

A
  • release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

3 methods of material exchange

A

Diffusion / Osmosis, facilitated diffusion, Active Transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Requirements of the exchange surface on the cell

A

High surface area, thin - one cell thick, moist - water soluble, warm - more kinetic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Two things lymph vessels do

A

Carry lymphocytes to the site of action

Drain excess fluid from tissue bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What do the kidneys remove

A

Materials containing nitrogen eg urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is a nephron

A

The functional and structural unit of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Process of digestion

A

Glycerol -> epithelial cells -> lacteal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What happens to blood as it passes through the lungs

A

Gains fresh oxygen and loses carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the four limiting factors of photosynthesis

A

Temperature, light intensity, CO2 conc, colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Autotrophs make …

A

Organic compounds from inorganic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Heterotrophs cannot …

A

Make their own food from inorganic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Catabolic reactions …

A

Produce usable energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Aerobic reaction with glucose formula

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2 + (35) ATP (40% efficient)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Lactic acid fermentation formula (anaerobic)

A

C6H12O6 -> 2C3H6O3 + (2) ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Alcohol fermentation (Anaerobic ) equation

A

C6H12O6 -> 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH + (2) ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Two forms of unicellular cell division

A

Mitosis and Binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How do plants reproduce

A

Make clones through stems, roots, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Full steps of meiosis

A

Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Cytokenesis & Prophase 2 AND Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What causes variation in daughter cells after Meiosis

A

Chromosomes crossing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Mutation + Natural Selection =

A

Variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Define Transgensis

A

Desirable genes transferred from one organism too another

52
Q

Define Gene Therapy

A

Implanting helpful genes into a diseased organism to help fight diseases

53
Q

Define Cloning

A

Make a replicate of the organism - don’t confuse with gene cloning

54
Q

Define vegetative propagation

A

Making clones of plants

55
Q

Positives of vegetative propagation

A

Yield improvements, improve resistance, super foods, very cost efficient

56
Q

Negatives of vegetative propagation

A

Unknown long term side effects, hard to regulate, may have ecological, less native species

57
Q

Advantages of unicellular organisms

A

Easier to adapt to changes in the environment
Reproduce quickly
Large SA:V

58
Q

Disadvantages of unicellular organism

A

Small
Don’t live long
Usually need to live in water, must have food rich environment, must take in everything directly through the cell membrane

59
Q

Advantages of multicellular organisms

A

Can live in wide variety of enviroments
Can grow very large
Long life
Work more efficiently

60
Q

Disadvantages of multi cellular organisms

A

Need to ‘eat’ more
Grow for a long time before being born
If organ / system fails whole organism can fail
Small SA:V on the outside

61
Q

3 types of epithelial tissue

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

62
Q

What does connective tissue do

A

Holds things together

63
Q

Define Organs

A

Discrete structures made of several types of tissues that perform specific functions

64
Q

Define systems

A

Group of organs that coordinate that carry out specific functions

65
Q

Function of the epithelial tissue

A

Cover the body surfaces and line internal organs / cavities

66
Q

Function of Connective tissue

A

Holds organs and other tissues together and fill spaces between

67
Q

Function of adipose tissue

A

Adipose tissues are packed tightly together to … Insulation, protective pads and for storage

68
Q

Function of bone tissue

A

Solid matrix which gives organism structure

69
Q

Tissues in the heart

A

Muscle, connective, nerve

70
Q

Tissues in the lungs

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle

71
Q

Tissues in the intestine

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle

72
Q

Hormones are secreted by the endocrine glands ….

A

Directly into the blood where they act on target tissues or cells

73
Q

What must target cells have in relation to hormones

A

Complementary receptors

74
Q

Pathways in the nervous / endocrine system

A

N: Direct via axons / nerves
E: Indirect via blood

75
Q

Messages in the nervous vs endocrine system

A

N: Electrochemical
E: Chemical

76
Q

Site of action in the nervous vs endocrine system

A

N: higher specified
E: Target cells / tissues - can be everywhere

77
Q

Speed in the nervous vs endocrine system

A

N: Fast
E: Slow

78
Q

Duration in the nervous vs endocrine system

A

N: Short
E: Long

79
Q

Transmission of message

A

PNS - Sensory Neuron
Inter Neuron
PNS - Motor Neuron

80
Q

What are reflex responses

A

Act without the brain to keep organism away from danger / harm

81
Q

5 examples of reflex responses

A

Pupils reflex, knee - jerk reaction, contraction of inner ear, swallowing food, keep away from heat source

82
Q

What is negative feedback

A

When the response in the body reduces the effect of a stimulus

83
Q

Example of negative stimulus

A

Increased light, response is to close pupil

84
Q

What is positive feedback

A

When there is an increase in stimulus and an increase in response

85
Q

Example of stimulus response model when body temp drops

A

Receptor : Hypothalamus
Effectors : skeletal Muscle
Response : contract and relax which produces heat

86
Q

Example of stimulus response model when body temp increases

A

Receptor: Hypothalamus in brain looks at blood temperature
effectors: sweat glands secrete and layer body in sweat
response : heat is lost and body temp decreases

87
Q

Three things that decrease body temperature

A

sweating, vasodilation and decreased thyroxine

88
Q

Three Things that increase body temp

A

Shivering, vasoconstriction and increased thyroxine

89
Q

How do nutrients enter the body

A

Via the digestive tract

90
Q

What are proteins converted to in digestion

A

Amino acids

91
Q

What are lipids converted to in digestion

A

Fatty acid and glycerol

92
Q

What are carbohydrates converted to in digestion

A

Glucose

93
Q

What are nucleic acids converted to in digestion

A

Nucleotides

94
Q

Where is digested food absorbed into the bloodstream

A

The small intestine

95
Q

What does the small intestine contain and what do they do

A

Villi and micro villi, increase surface area

96
Q

How are the products of fat digestion absorbed into the central lacteal

A

Pinocytosis

97
Q

How are additional nutrients absorbed into capillaries

A

Occurs in the villi through active transport and diffusion

98
Q

What are metabolic wastes produced as a by product of

A

Cellular metabolism

99
Q

What is the main metabolic waste in humans and how is it created

A

Urea, created when excess amino acids are converted to glucose in the liver

100
Q

Where in the kidneys is blood filtered

A

Nephrons

101
Q

What does the first stage of filtration involve

A

Filtration of materials from the blood at the glomerulus from the capillary into the bowmans capsule, caused by blood pressure

102
Q

What occurs in Reabsorption in the kidneys

A

Materials move along the kidney tubule, materials needed are reabsorbed into blood steam by active transport, diffusion and osmosis

103
Q

What two types of organs is the kidney

A

Excretory and osmoregulatory (regulates salt and water levels in the blood)

104
Q

What does the circulatory system do

A

Connects exchange surfaces with body tissues

105
Q

What happens as blood moves along the capillaries

A

There is an exchange of materials between the blood and tissue fluid surrounding the cells

106
Q

Describe the structure of a nephron

A

Consists of a Bowmans capsule, containing a ball of capillaries called the glomerulus and a long tubule that drains into a collecting duct

107
Q

Filtration in the kidneys occurs from the … to the …

A

Glomerulus -> Bowmans capsule

108
Q

Réabsorption in the kidneys occurs from the … to the …

A

Tubule -> blood capillaires

109
Q

During gas exchange oxygen goes from the … to the …

A

Alveolus -> Blood capillaries

110
Q

During gas exchange carbon dioxide goes from the … to the …

A

Blood capillaries -> Alveolus

111
Q

How do oxygen and carbon dioxide move across the alveolar membrane

A

Diffusion

112
Q

3 things that effect rate of diffusion of the gases

A

Concentration gradient of the gases
Rate of blood flow
Raté and or depth of breathing

113
Q

Formula for lactic acid

A

C3H6O3

114
Q

What happens to lactic acid

A

It’s converted to lactate which may be dissolved in blood and carried to the liver where it’s converted to pyruvate and respired aerobically

115
Q

Which produces more energy aerobic or anaerobic respiration

A

Aérobic produces 36-38 ATP while anaerobic produces 2

116
Q

Four main areas that require provision of energy

A

Growth
Movement
Repair
Reproduction

117
Q

What is budding

A

Form of asexual reproduction in plants where buds are produced that break away and begin to grow as a new organism

118
Q

What is fragmentation

A

Form of asexual reproduction in animals where the adult body breaks into several pieces and each is able to grow into another individual

119
Q

What is vegetative propagation

A

A sexual reproduction in plants where part of adult body is broken off and grows into a seperate self supporting plant body

120
Q

What does it mean when cells differentiate

A

As organisms grow cells differentiate so that in different cells different genes will be expressed and the cells will have different structures and perform different functions within the organism

121
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce and what does this do

A

Thyroxine, stimulates metabolism and heat production

122
Q

What does the adrenal gland produce and what does this do

A

Adrenaline, increases blood and constricts blood vessels

123
Q

Stimulus response model book

A

Stimulus -> Receptor -> Transmission -> Effector -> Response -> negative feedback

124
Q

Corrective mechanisms when there is an increase in body temperature

A

Sweating, hair lies flat, blood to surface,decrease in metabolic rate

125
Q

Corrective mechanisms when there’s a decrease in body temperature

A

No sweating, hair raised, blood kept away from surface, increase in metabolic rate, shivering

Biology 2017 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions