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Biology 2017 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The cell is the smallest what

A

Independent unit of life

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2
Q

3 aspects of cell theory

A

1) all living things are made from cells or cell products
2) all cells arise from pre-existing cells
3) cells are the smallest unit of life

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3
Q

3 different types of microscopes

A

Light, electron and compound

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4
Q

Benefits and disadvantages of light microscopes

A

Relatively cheap and easy to access

Specimen must be thin, low magnification

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5
Q

Benefits and disadvantages of electron microscopes

A

Very high magnification and resolution

Subject must be dead, costs a minimum of $1M

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6
Q

Benefits and disadvantages of a compound microscope

A

Cheap and Easy to access and use

Only goes up to around x8 magnification

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7
Q

3 different types of stains and what they stain for

A

Iodine - stains carbohydrates black/ dark brown
Methylene Blue - stains proteins blue
Aceto - orcein: stains nucleic acids pink

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8
Q

Name 7 characteristics of life

A

Reproduction, respiration, excretion, metabolism, grow or develop, homeostasis, respond

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9
Q

Why do large organism have many cells, not a few large cells

A

As all cells require nutrients and produce waste, however how much a cell needs depends on volume, how much that can get in and out depends on surface area. Large cells would have a small surface area to volume ratio which isn’t sustainable

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10
Q

5 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes are smaller, they have no nucleus, have a cell wall made of a different carbohydrate (peptidoglycan), eukaryotes have two or more chromosomes while prokaryotes only have one, eukaryotes have membrane bound organelle

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11
Q

Describe a nucleus and state it’s function

A

Has a nuclear envelope and pores. Controls the activity of cells by controlling which and how many enzymes are made

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12
Q

Describe a Mitochondria and state it’s function

A

Sausage shaped and there’s more than one in the cell.

latter stages of aerobic respiration occur here

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13
Q

Describe chloroplast and state it’s function

A

Only in plant cells,

contains thylakoids, photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll

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14
Q

Describe a vacuole and state it’s function

A

Fluid filled space.

Maintains water and salt balance, maintains shape, stores waste products

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15
Q

Describe free ribosomes and state their purpose

A

No membrane, exist freely in the cytoplasm as dark granules,

Synthesise proteins to function in the cytoplasm for use within the cell

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16
Q

Describe the rough endoplasmic reticulum and state its function

A

Consist of cisternae (flattened membrane), ribosomes are attached

Synthesise proteins which are transported by vesicles to Golgi apparatus

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17
Q

Describe the Golgi Body and its function

A

Contains cisternae(flattened membrane), Vesicles attach to the outside

Modifies proteins and stores them in vesicles for secretion outside the cell

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18
Q

Describe a vesicle and state its function

A

Small, Single membrane with fluid inside

Transports materials inside of a cell

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19
Q

Traits of cell walls (Plants Only)

A

Not an organelle, made mainly of cellulose, permeable, support cell and are hard to digest

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20
Q

Two differences between animal and plant cells

A

Plants have cell walls

Plants have a large central vacuole while animals have small vacuoles

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21
Q

Two similarities between plant and animal cells

A

Both have nuclei, both have orangelles like eR, Golgi body, mitochondria etc

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22
Q

All cells have a (…) cell membrane

A

Lipoprotein

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23
Q

What is the lipoprotein cell membrane attached to in eukaryotic cells

A

Cytoskeleton

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24
Q

6 things that contribute to a cell membrane

A 
Phospholipid Bi-layer 
Selectively permeable membrane 
Proteins
Receptors
Diffusion
Fluid mosaic model
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25
Q

Two things cell membranes do

A

Keep cell integrity, regulate materials

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26
Q

A peripheral protein exists …?

A

On the edge of the cell membrane

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27
Q

An integral protein exists ….?

A

Throughout the cell membrane

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28
Q

The heads of phospholipids are …?

A

Hydrophilic

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29
Q

The ‘tails’ on phospholipids are …?

A

Hydrophobic

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30
Q

What does cholesterol do in the cell membrane

A

Aids in movement

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31
Q

3 things a cytoskeleton is responsible for

A

Assists in development of the spindle
Change the shape of the cell
Anchor organelles in place

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32
Q

3 passive processes

A

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis

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33
Q

3 active processes

A

Active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis

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34
Q

What is diffusion

A

The spreading out of substances from a high concentration to a low concentration eg O2 or CO2

35
Q

What is osmosis

A

The movement of a solvent (water) from a region of low solute concentration to high solute concentration

36
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

When substances move from an area of high to low concentration but with the aid of a protein eg glucose

37
Q

What is active transport

A

Moving molecules against the concentration gradient using a protein and ATP

38
Q

What is Exocytosis

A

Process of a large molecule leaving the cell

39
Q

What is endocytosis

A

Large molecules entering the cell

40
Q

4 steps of binary fission

A

1) DNA replicates and attaches to the cell membrane
2) cell grows
3) begins to divide, each chromosome is attached to ‘anchor’ point on cell membrane. Stays there when cell begins to divide
4) results in 2 identical cells

41
Q

Stages of Mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anophase and Telophase

42
Q

3 things that happen in interphase

A

Chromosomes are threadlike as DNA is unwound so that genes can be transcribed
Nucleolus is visible
DNA replicates

43
Q

3 things that happen in prophase

A

1) Chromosomes coil up and shorten, becoming visible
- these consist of two copies called chromatids that join at the Centromere
2) Centrioles move towards opposite sides of nucleus and spindle fibres start to form
3) Nucleur membrane breaks down at end of prophase

44
Q

2 things that happen in metaphase

A

1) Chromosomes line up along the equator of the spindle

2) Centromeres attach to the spindle

45
Q

2 things that happen in anaphase

A

1) Daughter chromatids are drawn By the centromeres

2) chromatids move along the spindle towards opposite ends of the cell

46
Q

4 things that happen in telophase and cytokinesis

A

1) Spindle breaks down
2) Nucleur membrane and nucleolus reform in each daughter cell
3) chromosomes unwind
4) cytoplasm restricts to form two seperate daughter cells

47
Q

What is contact inhibition

A

Theory that if cells are removed from an area they will fill in the gap

48
Q

3 external factors effecting cell growth

A

Check 1 hormone
Contact inhibition
Anchorage dependence

49
Q

What does anchorage dependent mean

A

To divide cells must be attached to a substratum eg extracellular matrix of a tissue

50
Q

How does cancer arise

A

From mutations to oncogenes

51
Q

What increases the chances of cancer

A

Increased temperature, radiation and mutagenic chemicals which are carcinogenic

52
Q

What’s the difference between a benign and malignant tumour

A

Benign remains in one spot and can be cut out

Malignant spreads throughout the body through metastasis

53
Q

What is chemotherapy

A

Drugs that are antimitotic, hence prevent all cells from diving including hair, bone marrow, sperm and egg cells

54
Q

What is radiotherapy

A

Cancer treatment that causes damage to the DNA in cancerous cells and stops the division process

55
Q

What is the main sources of energy for life

A

The sun

56
Q

3 things phospholipids do in a cell membrane

A

Act as a barrier to water soluble chemicals
Allow small water soluble particles such as O2, H2O and CO2 can pass through the small holes in the bi layer
Allow lipid soluble particles to pass through easily

57
Q

What do receptors do in the cell membrane

A

They bind to chemical signals outside the cell which alters the cell function

58
Q

What do antigens do in a cell membrane

A

Allow white blood cells of the immune system to tell foreign cells from cells normally in the Body

59
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Invaginates the particle, encloses it in the enzyme, digestive enzymes fuse and break down the particle

60
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking, Phagocytosis on a smaller level

61
Q

What do channel proteins do

A

Transport proteins through the cell membrane

62
Q

Where do cells get the energy to carry out active transport from

A

ATP

63
Q

What do all Cells use energy for

A

Movement, synthesis of macromolecules, mAintain a stable internal environment, active transport, grow, repair, reproduce

64
Q

What is intracellular movement

A

Chromosome separation and vesicle migration

65
Q

What is extracellular movement

A

Movement to another environment for food and conditions

66
Q

What is aerobic respiration

A

Process of glucose being broken down and chemical energy being released

67
Q

Where will glucose be broken down if oxygen is present

A

Krebs Cycle (mitochondria)

68
Q

Where will glucose be broken down if oxygen is not present

A

Cytoplasm

69
Q

What does glucose become in plants and fungi during anaerobic respiration

A

Carbon dioxide + ethanol

70
Q

What goes glucose become in animals during anaerobic respiration

A

Lactic acid

71
Q

ATPS per glucose in anaerobic respiration

A

2

72
Q

ATPS per glucose in aerobic respiration

A

36

73
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

A cells immediate source of energy

74
Q

How is energy released from ATP

A

By breaking the bond between two of the phosphate units to produce ADP (adenosine disphosphate) and inorganic phosphate

75
Q

Why is only a small amount of ATP needed in each cell

A

It is continuously being recycled

76
Q

4 reasons glucose is broken down in a complex many step process

A

1) prevent excess heat build up or pH change
2) allow small amounts of energy to be released which can be efficiently captured by ATP formation
3) ensure control of energy pathway is maintained
4) allow alternative pathways to be used to break down different raw materials and produce different products which could be used in cell metabolism

77
Q

Why is each reaction in a metabolic pathway effected by other reactions

A

The speed of the reaction is effected by the concentration of raw materials and products as well as the enzyme

78
Q

Why does the amount of DNA in a cell double before division

A

To ensure that when the cell divides each new cell will receive exactly the sAme amount of DNA containing identical information and no mutations

79
Q

What is endosymbiosis

A

When one cell lives inside another and both cells benefit

80
Q

What happens during the breakdown of ATP

A

Free energy is released and ADP + P is produced

81
Q

What happens during synthesis in the ATP cycle

A

ADP+ P is converted to ATP using energy from respiration reactions

82
Q

Two reasons energy pathways involve many small regulated steps

A

Provides a controlled release of small packets of energy that can be conveniently trapped to form ATP
Cell has a far greater measure of control over the rate of the reaction with several points at which the reaction may be sped up or slowed down

83
Q

3 stages of cell culturing

A

Dissection, suspension and cell culture

84
Q

How do chemicals such as arsenic or cyanide act as metabolic poisons

A

Act as inhibitors of enzymes by blocking or competing for the active sites

Biology 2017 (5 decks)

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