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Biology > Organism Respond To Changes In Their Internal And External Environments > Flashcards

Organism Respond To Changes In Their Internal And External Environments Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Give two examples of effectors

A

Muscles or glands

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2
Q

What is a neurone?

A

Specialised cell that transmits electrical impulses

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3
Q

Define tropism

A
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4
Q

Give two examples of tropisms

A
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5
Q

Explain taxes

A

Directional movement, towards (positive) or away (negative) from a stimulus

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6
Q

Explain kineses

A

Random movement in response to a stimulus (non-directional)

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7
Q

What type of receptor is the Pacinian corpuscle?p

A

A mechanoreceptor

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8
Q

Describe the basic structure of the Pacinian corpuscle

A

A sensory neurone with nodes of ranviers and wrapped in layers called lamellae

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9
Q

How is a generator potential formed from the stimulus of a Pacinian corpuscle?

A

When the pacinian corpuscle is stimulated the lamellae are deformed and press on the sensory ending

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10
Q

Outline what happens in a simple reflex arc

A
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11
Q

Give the advantages of the reflex arc

A
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12
Q

Name the two photoreceptors and state where they are located

A

Rods and cones in the eyes

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13
Q

What is the difference between the location of Rods and Cones in the retina?

A
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14
Q

Compare and contrast rods and cone cells

A

Rods:
Only process black and white
Potential only produced when rhodopsin is broken down
Detect light at low intensities
Low visual acuity (cannot distinguish between separate light sources)

Cones:
Process coloured images
Three types which contain iodopsin pigments (red,green,blue) which are all absorbed at different wavelengths
One cone cell connects to a bipolar cell
Can respond to high light intensity

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15
Q

Define myogenic

A
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16
Q

State the two nodes and the location of them within the heart

A

SAN- located in the right atrium and is known as pacemaker
AVN- located near border of right and left ventricle within the atria

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17
Q

What is the role of a chemoreceptor?

A
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18
Q

What is the role of the pressure receptor?

A
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19
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A
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20
Q

Describe the structure of a neurone

A
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21
Q

Define resting potential.

A
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22
Q

What forms an electrical charge?

A
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23
Q

Explain the role if the nucleas

A
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24
Q

Explain the role of the dendrites

A
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25
Q

Explain the role of the cell membrane

A
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26
Q

Explain the role of the soma

A
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27
Q

What are schwann cells for?

A
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28
Q

Explain the use of the nodes of ranvier

A
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29
Q

Explain the role of the axon

A
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30
Q

Explain how an action potential is reached

(Use of diagrams)

A
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31
Q

What is depolarisation?

A
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32
Q

What is repolarisation?

A
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33
Q

Explain the refractory period

A
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34
Q

Explain the all or nothing principle

A
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35
Q

What are the factors effecting speed of conduction?

A
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36
Q

How does temperature affect the speed of conduction?

A
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37
Q

How does myelination affect the speed of conduction?

A
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38
Q

How does axon diameter affect conduction?

A
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39
Q

Where are synapses found?

A
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40
Q

Name the features on a synapse

A
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41
Q

What are the features of synaptic transmission?

A
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42
Q

What are excitatory neurotransmitters?

A
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43
Q

What are inhibitory transmission?

A
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44
Q

Explain spatial summation

A
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45
Q

Explain temporal summation

A
46
Q

Define homeostasis

A
47
Q

What are the three factors that affect homeostasis?

A
48
Q

How does temperature and pH affect homeostasis?

A
49
Q

How does water potential affect homeostasis?

A
50
Q

How does glucose concentration affect homeostasis?

A
51
Q

What is negative feedback?

A
52
Q

What is the chain order of negative feedback?

A
53
Q

Define osmoregulation

A
54
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in osmoregulation?

A
55
Q

What is the role of the posterior pituitary gland in osmoregulation?

A
56
Q

What is the purpose of Antidiuretic hormone(ADH)?

A
57
Q

List the names of the components in the nephron that makes up it’s structure

A
58
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A
59
Q

List the components of the glomerulus filterate

A
60
Q

List and then state how much of each components in the filterate is reabsorbed by the PCT

A
61
Q

What is the function of the loop of  Henle?

A
62
Q

How is the gradient of sodium ions in the medulla maintained?

A
63
Q

What are the two limbs in the loop of Henle?
Why and how do they differ from each other?

A
64
Q

In which parts of the nephron is water reabsorbed?

A
65
Q

What are the factors that influence blood glucose concentration?

A
66
Q

Define glycogenesis

A
67
Q

What is the role of glycogenesis in the liver?

A
68
Q

Define glycogenolysis

A
69
Q

What is the role of glycogenolysis in the liver?

A
70
Q

Define gluconeogenesis

A
71
Q

What is the role of gluconeogenesis in the liver?

A
72
Q

What is insulin and where is it found?

A
73
Q

How does insulin help to control the glucose concentration in our blood?

A
74
Q

What is glucagon and where is it found?

A
75
Q

How does glucagon help to control the glucose concentration in our blood?

A
76
Q

Is the role of insulin to increase or decrease the concentration of glucose?

A
77
Q

Is the role of glucagon to increase or decrease the concentration of glucose?

A
78
Q

What is adrenaline and where is it released from?

A
79
Q

What is the role of adrenaline?

A
80
Q

Describe the second messenger model of adrenaline and glucagon action

A
81
Q

Define diabetes

A
82
Q

What are the two health conditions that diabetes could cause and when do they happen?

A
83
Q

State the difference between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes

A
84
Q

What are the differences in the ways we treat individuals with type 1 vs. type 2 diabetes?

A
85
Q

What causes you to have type 1 diabetes?

A
86
Q

What causes you to have type 2 diabetes?

A
87
Q

What is IAA?

A
88
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A
89
Q

What is the role of the SAN?

A
90
Q

What is the role of the AVN?

A
91
Q

What receptor detects high blood pressure and what is the effect it produces?

A
92
Q

What receptor detects low blood pressure and what is the effect it produces?

A
93
Q

What receptor detects high blood O2 and what is the effect it produces?

A
94
Q

What receptor detects low blood O2 and what is the effect it produces?

A
95
Q

Describe the structure of the neuromuscular junction

A
96
Q

Explain the steps of events that are involved in transmission across a cholinergic synapse

A
97
Q

Compare and contrast the transmission across the neuromuscular junction and the cholinergic synapse

A
98
Q

How do muscles act?

A
99
Q

What are skeletal muscles made of?

A
100
Q

What are myofibrils made of?

A
101
Q

Compare and contrast slow-twitch vs. fast-twitch muscles

A
102
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A
103
Q

Explain the role of actin in myofibril contractions

A
104
Q

What is the role of myosin in myofibril contraction?

A
105
Q

How do calcium ions cause myofibril contractions?

A
106
Q

What is the role of ATP in myofibril contractions?

A
107
Q

What is the role of calcium ions in the cycle of actin-myosin bridge formation?

A
108
Q

What is the role of tropomyosin in the cycle of actin-myosin bridge formation?

A
109
Q

How do organisms increase their chance of survival?

A
110
Q

Why does gravitropism and phototropism occur in plants?

A
111
Q

What is gravitropism?

A
112
Q

What is phototropism?

A

Biology (8 decks)

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