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Biology > Genetic Information, Variation And Relationships Between Organisms > Flashcards

Genetic Information, Variation And Relationships Between Organisms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotes- not membrane bound
Eukaryotes- membrane bound

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2
Q

Describe DNA in prokaryotic cells

A

Small and circular DNA that is not associated with histones

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3
Q

Describe DNA in eukaryotic cells

A

One very long DNA molecule, tightly coiled and associated with histone proteins

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4
Q

What does DNA embedded with histones form?

A

A chromosome

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5
Q

Define a gene

A

Section of a DNA on a chromosome

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6
Q

What two things do genes code for ?

A

Polypeptide and functional RNA

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7
Q

What does the sequence of three DNA bases (triplet) code for?

A

A specific amino acid

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8
Q

What are the three unique things about the genetic code?

A

Universal (all organisms have the same genetic code)

Non-overlapping (each base is only read once which is only part of one triplet)

Degenerate (one triplet codes for more than one amino acid)

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9
Q

Define exons

A

The coding section of DNA in pre mRNA

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10
Q

Define introns

A

The non-coding part of DNA that is spliced to produce mRNA

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11
Q

What is a genome?

A

Complete set of genes in a cell

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12
Q

What is the structure of molecules in mRNA?

A

Single stranded polynucleotide
Bases- AUCG
Sugar phosphate backbone

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13
Q

What is the structure of molecules in tRNA?

A

Clover shaped
Contains a binding site for amino acids
Contains an anticodon complementary to the codon on mRNA

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14
Q

Explain the process of transcription

A

Takes place in the nucleus as DNA is too big to move out of the nucleus

RNA polymerase attracted to the start codon on DNA

DNA strand is unwound by the DNA helicase forming two strands

RNA polymerase moves down the template strand aligning free floating RNA nucleotides to the DNA

This forms a pre-mRNA strand

As RNA polymerase moves down the strand the template strand will recoil forming the original DNA molecule

This consists of exons and introns which are then spliced out

mRNA is formed and it leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome

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15
Q

In prokaryotes what is the result of transcription?

A

mRNA- as they do not contain introns that need to be spliced out

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16
Q

In eukaryotes what is the result of transcription?

A

Pre-mRNA that is then spliced to remove introns and produces an mRNA molecule

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17
Q

Explain the process of translation

A

Takes place on a ribosome in the cytoplasm

mRNA molecule attaches to a ribosome in which only two codons are present

The cytoplasm contains free floating tRNA molecules that are made up of a specific amino acid and an anticodon that is complementary to a codon on the mRNA strand

tRNA that contains the anticodon for the codon on the ribosomes travels towards the mRNA strand and aligns with it

Peptide bonds are formed with the adjacent amino acids in a condensation reaction

The process continues until a “stop” codon on the mRNA molecule is reached

The amino acid chain (polypeptide) finally forms a protien

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18
Q

Explain the role of ribosomes in translation

A

Synthesises proteins by translating genetic code that was transcribed in mRNA into an amino acid sequence

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19
Q

Explain the role of tRNA in translation

A

Translates genetic information into an amino acid sequence that produces a protein

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20
Q

Explain the role of ATP in translation

A

Provides energy for protein synthesis

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21
Q

What causes a gene mutation?

A

Changes to the sequence of DNA bases

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22
Q

How do gene mutations arise?

A

Changes in the sequence of base pairs in DNA molecule that may result in altered polypeptide

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23
Q

What does it mean if a code has a degenerate nature?

A

More than one triplet codes for the same amino acid

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24
Q

What can increase the rate of gene mutation?

A
25
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

4 non-identical sister chromatids

26
Q

What is the process of meiosis?

A
27
Q

What are the differences between the outcome of meiosis and mitosis?

A

Mitosis- diploid cells produced (46)
2 identical sister chromatids

Meiosis- haploid cells produced (23)
4 non-identical sister chromatids

28
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A
29
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different forms of the same gene

30
Q

Explain now natural selection results in new characteristics

A
31
Q

Define population

A
32
Q

What can random mutations result in?

A
33
Q

How can inherited alleles increase new frequency of populations?

A
34
Q

What is directional selection?

A
35
Q

Give an example of directional selection

A
36
Q

What is stabilising selection?

A
37
Q

Give an example of stabilising selection

A
38
Q

What are the three types of adaptations?

A
39
Q

Define species

A
40
Q

What are the advantages of courtship behaviour?

A
41
Q

Define classification

A
42
Q

Name the eight groups in the classification hierarchy

(largest to smallest)

A
43
Q

What system is used to give species their name?

A
44
Q

What is phylogenetic classification?

A
45
Q

What is biodiversity?

A
46
Q

Define community

A
47
Q

How do you calculate mitotic index of diversity?

A
48
Q

Define species richness

A
49
Q

Explain what the index of diversity describes

A
50
Q

How can biodiversity increase agriculture areas?

A
51
Q

What are the impacts of farming on species diversity?

A
52
Q

What are the impacts of tanning on genetic diversity?

A
53
Q

List four ways we can compare genetic diversity

A
54
Q

What is meant by gene technology?

A
55
Q

What is sampling?

A
56
Q

Explain how random samples can be achieved?

A
57
Q

Why can a mutation be beneficial?

A
58
Q

How does mutation increase diversity?

A

Biology (8 decks)

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