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biology gcse > organisation (paper 1) > Flashcards

organisation (paper 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

what does bile do

A

emulsifies fat and neutralises stomach acid

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2
Q

stomach

A

organ produces protease enzyme and also hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria

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3
Q

small intestine

A

this is where absorption of the food molecules into the bloodstream takes place

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4
Q

salivary glands

A

produces saliva which contain the enzyme carbohydrase

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5
Q

pancreas

A

produces carbohydrase, lipase and protease enzymes and releases them into the small intestine

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6
Q

what is digestion

A

the break down of large food molecules into smaller water soluable molecules

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7
Q

liver

A

produces bile which is used to break down large pat globules into smaller droplets

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8
Q

large intestine

A

water from waste food is absorbed here

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9
Q

what is the optimum ph for enzymes to work at

A

often neutral pH 7

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10
Q

key points about enzymes

A

enzyme activity is affected by temperature and ph

high temperatures denature the enzyme, changing the shape of the active site

ph can affect the shape of the active site of an enzyme and make it work very efficiently or stop it working

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11
Q

gall bladder

A

stores bile

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12
Q

lipase

A

produced in pancreas

substrates - fats

products - glycerol , fatty acids

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13
Q

protease

A

produced in stomach and pancreas

substrates - protein

products - amino acids

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14
Q

what do enzymes do

A

break down large insoluable molecules into small soluble ones, they can be found in all cells and the digestive system

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15
Q

what is a substrate

A

the molecule that is being broken down

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16
Q

what is an enzyme substrate complex

A

is what forms when the substrate fits into the active site

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17
Q

carbohydrase

A

produced in salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine

substrates - starch

products - glucose

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18
Q

what is a catalyst

A

a substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction

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19
Q

what happens to an enzyme if it gets too hot

A

bonds holding the enzyme together break
this changes the shape of the enzymes active site so the substrate won’t fit any more
the enzyme will then be denatured

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20
Q

what ph does pepsin work the best at and what does it do

A

works best at ph 2
is an enzyme used to break down proteins in the stomach

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21
Q

what do you use to detect starch

A

iodine solution - if iodine is present it will turn blue-black

22
Q

how do you calculate the rate of reaction

A

1000
——-
time

23
Q

what do we use and do to test for sugars

A

Benedict’s solution

prepare food sample
prepare water bath
add benedicts solution to test tube
leave for five mins
if sugar is present then the solution will turn yellow or brick red

24
Q

what do we use to test for starch and how do we do it

A

use iodine solution

made a food sample and add 5cm cubed to a test tube
add a few drops of iodine solution and gently shake the tube
if the sample contains starch the colour will go from browny-orange to blue - black

25
Q

what do we use and how do we test for proteins

A

biuret solution

prepare food sample and add 2cm cubed to test tube
add 2cm cubed of biuret solution and gently shake
if protein is in the food sample then it will change from blue to purple

26
Q

what do we use and do to test for lipids

A

Sudan III stain Solution

prepare food sample and add 5cm cubed to the test tube
add three drops of Sudan III stain solution to the test tube and gently shake
if the sample contains lipids then the mixture will separate out into two layers
the top layer will be bright red

27
Q

what happens in the double circulatory system

A
  1. the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to take in oxygen, the blood then returns to the heart
  2. the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around all the other organs of the body. The blood gives up it’s oxygen at the body cells and the deoxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped to the lungs again
28
Q

how does the heart contract for pumping blood around the body

A
  1. Blood flows into the two atria (plural of atrium) from the vena cava and the pulmonary vein
  2. The atria contract, pushing the blood into the ventricles
  3. The ventricles contract, forcing the blood into the pulmonary artery and the aorta, and out of the heart
  4. The blood then flows to the organs through arteries and returns through veins
  5. The atria fill again and the whole cycle starts over
29
Q

what does an artificial pacemaker do

A

produces an electrical current to keep the heart beating regularly

30
Q

what are the three different types of blood vessels and what are their functions

A

arteries - these carry the blood away from the heart

capillaries - these are involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues

veins - these carry the blood to the heart

31
Q

features of arteries

A

walls are strong and elastic and thick compared to the lumen
contain thick layers of muscle to make them strong and elastic fibres to allow them to stretch and spring back

32
Q

capillaries features

A

thin wall only one cell thick
permeable walls - substances like food and oxygen can diffuse in and out
very small lumen
they are TINY and carry blood really close to every cell in the body

33
Q

features of veins

A

large lumen
blood is at a lower pressure so walls don’t have to be as thick
have valves to prevent backflow

34
Q

how to calculate the rate of blood flow

A

volume of blood
————————
number of mins

35
Q

how are red blood cells adapted to their function

A

biconcave disk shape which gives large surface area for absorbing oxygen
no nucleus - allows room for more oxygen
contain red pigment called haemoglobin

36
Q

how do white blood cells fight against disease

A

phagocytosis
create antibodies and antitoxins

37
Q

what does plasma contain

A

red and white blood cells
platelets
glucose
amino acids
carbon dioxide
urea
hormones
proteins
antibodies and antitoxins

38
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

when the coronary arteries that supply the blood to the muscle of the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material building up
this causes arteries to narrow so blood flow is restricted and there’s a lack of oxygen - this can lead to a heart attack

39
Q

what is a stent

A

tubes that are inserted inside arteries to keep them open so blood can pass through
they lower the risk of a heart attack
they are effective for a long time and the recovery time is relatively quick

however this is a risk of infection from the surgery and a risk of developing a blood clot near the stent - thrombosis

40
Q

what do statins do

A

reduce the amount of cholesterol in the blood

41
Q

advantages of statins

A

can reduce the risk of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks

increase the amount of beneficial type of cholesterol

some studies suggest they may also help prevent some other diseases

42
Q

disadvantages of statins

A

long term drug that must be taken regularly, people may forget to take them

could cause negative side effects eg. headaches or serious side effects such as kidney failure and memory loss

takes time for the effect of statins to kick in

43
Q

advantage and disadvantages of artificial hearts

A

advantages - less likely to be rejected because they’re made from metals or plastics so the body doesn’t recognise them as a foreign object

disadvantages - can lead to bleeding and infection, part of the heart could wear out, blood doesn’t flow through them as easily this can cause blood clots

44
Q

differences between benign and malignant tumours

A

benign = stays in one place and isn’t cancerous

malignant = grows and spread to neighbouring healthy tissues, malignant cells invade healthy tissues in other places and form secondary tumours, they are cancerous

45
Q

how to calculate the rate of reaction

A

1000
——-
time

46
Q

what substances does plasma carry

A

glucose
amino acids
carbon dioxide
urea
proteins
antibodie

47
Q

what is the natural resting heart rate controlled by and where are they located

A

controlled by a group of cells located
in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker

48
Q

what is the function of platelets

A

help blood to clot and are small fragments of cells - they have no nucleus

lack of platelets can cause excessive bleeding and bruising

49
Q

what is health

A

the state of physical and mental well-being.

50
Q

what is cancer

A

the result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division

biology gcse (7 decks)

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