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biology gcse > bioenergetics (paper 1) > Flashcards

bioenergetics (paper 1) Flashcards

1
Q

organs of the plant

A

roots
stems
leaf

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2
Q

where are stem cells found in the plant

A

meristem

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3
Q

what is the function of the xylem

A

transports water

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4
Q

thin waxy cuticle function

A

prevents water loss

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5
Q

function of the palisade tissue

A

traps light for photosynthesis

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6
Q

function of guard cells

A

control how gases exchange and water loss

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7
Q

function of the stomata

A

controls gas exchange

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8
Q

function of the phloem

A

transports sugar

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9
Q

function of the spongy mesophyll

A

free space which enables gases to diffuse easily

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10
Q

adaptations of root hair cells

A

large surface area

no chloroplasts

large vacuole to aid water movement

mitochondria for movement of ions (active transport)

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11
Q

adaptations of palisade cells

A

top of the leaf

lots of chloroplasts

elongated shape

large surface area

large vacuole (cell rigidity)

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12
Q

adaptations of the xylem

A

transports water

cells die

continuous hollow tubes

lignin walls in a spiral structure

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13
Q

adaptations of the phloem

A

transport sugar

cell walls between cells break down

form special sieve plates

cells are dead

cells are surrounded by companion cells

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14
Q

what do goblet cells do and where are they located

A

produce mucus and are located in the trachea

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15
Q

indicators that a plant has a disease

A

spots on leaves

discolouration to the leaves

stunted growth

areas of decay or rot on the plant

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16
Q

what do you do if you can’t link the symptoms the plant has to a particular disease

A

referring a garden manual or website

take them to a laboratory to identify the pathogen

using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies

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17
Q

viral infection on a plant

A

tabacco mosaic virus

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18
Q

fungal disease on a plant

A

rose black spot

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19
Q

what does a deficiency in nitrate ions lead to

A

stunted growth as they are needed for protein synthesis

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20
Q

what does a deficiency in magnesium ions lead to

A

chlorosis which is the loss of the normal green colouration of leaves in plants

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21
Q

how do micro organisms enter plants

A

cuts/ wounds

pollinators / vectors

gardening tools

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22
Q

physical defences in plants

A

cellulose cell wall

tough waxy cuticle m

layers of dead cells around stems e.g bark

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23
Q

chemical defences in plants

A

antibacterial chemical e.g mint plants

poisons

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24
Q

mechanical defences in plants

A

thorns and hairs

leaves curling or dropping when touched

mimicry - trick predators

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25
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

a chemical reaction where plants produce glucose

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26
Q

what is an endothermic reaction

A

reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings

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27
Q

what can the rate of photosynthesis be limited by

A

light intensity

temperature

availability of carbon dioxide

amount of chlorophyll

availability of water

28
Q

equation for inverse square law for light intensity

A

1 divided by distance ^ squared

29
Q

what happens to the rate of photosynthesis as the distance from the light source increases

A

decreases

30
Q

uses of glucose in plants

A

converted into fats and oils in their seeds

joined together to make cellulose

used in respiration

joined together to make insoluble starch

combined with nitrates from the soil to make protein

used to produce amino acids

31
Q

why is converting glucose into fats and oils in their seeds important

A

energy storage

32
Q

why is it important for glucose to join together to make cellulose

A

cell wall is made from cellulose

33
Q

why is it important that glucose is used in respiration

A

respiration releases energy for different processes

34
Q

why is it important for glucose to join together to make insoluble starch

A

does not dissolve in water so it can be stored and broken down when there is no light

35
Q

why is it important that glucose combines with nitrates from the soil to make protein and used to produce amino acids

A

proteins help growth and repair and proteins are made from amino acids

36
Q

process of transpiration

A

water evaporates from the leaf through the stomata

water travels from the roots to leaves through the xylem in a continuous column of water - cohesion tension theory

water is absorbed by osmosis by the roots

37
Q

process of translocation

A

sugar is made in the palisade cells in the leaf

transported through the phloem

38
Q

function of the xylem

A

transports mineral ions and water

39
Q

how are xylem adapted to their function

A

the hollow tubes are strengthened by waterproof lignin so the water can’t leak out

40
Q

function of the phloem

A

transports dissolved sugars

41
Q

how is the phloem adapted to its function

A

living tubes of elongated cells allows dissolved sugars to move up and down the plant

42
Q

what do all plants need sugar for

A

respiration

43
Q

why is water needed for plants

A

needed for photosynthesis

to produce glucose

for respiration

for new cell walls

for amino acids

44
Q

when and why do the stomata open

A

open when there is light when photosynthesis is happening

they are filled with water therefore turgid (swollen)

45
Q

factors that affect the rate of transpiration

A

light

temperature - water particles have more kinetic energy

humidity - more humid = less transpiration

air movement - moves the humid layer of air (increases transpiration)

46
Q

word equation for photosynthesis

A

light
carbon dioxide + water —-> glucose+wat

47
Q

symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

light
6CO2 + 6H2O —-> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2

48
Q

what do plants use glucose for

A

respiration

making cellulose

making amino acids

stored as oils or fats

stored as starch

49
Q

respiration definition

A

the process of transferring energy from glucose which goes on in every cell

50
Q

what is metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions in an organism

51
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

respiration using oxygen

it’s the most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose

most of the reactions happen inside the mitochondria

52
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

used if there’s not enough oxygen

it’s the incomplete breakdown of glucose, making lactic acid

53
Q

anaerobic respiration word equation

A

glucose ——> lactic acid

54
Q

anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast

A

plants and yeast cells can respire without oxygen too but they can produce ethanol and carbon dioxide instead to lactic acid

55
Q

method for investigating the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis
using an aquatic organism such as pondweed

A
  1. a source of white light is placed at a specific distance from the pondweed
  2. the pondweed is left to photosynthesise for a set amount of time , as it photosynthesises the oxygen released will collect in the capillary tube
  3. at the end of the experiment, the syringe is used to draw the as bubble in the tube up alongside a ruler and the length of a as bubble is measured. this is proportional to the volume of oxygen produced
  4. for this experiment, any variables that could affect the results should be controlled ex. the temperature and the time the pondweed is left to photosynthesise
  5. the experiment is repeated twice with the light source at the same distance and the mean volume of oxygen produced is calculated
  6. then the whole experiment is repeated with the light source at different distances from the pondweed
56
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

respiration using oxygen

it is the most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose

it goes on all the time in plants and animals

most of it happens in the mitochondria

57
Q

word and symbol equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O

58
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

respiration without oxygen - it is the incomplete breakdown of glucose, making lactic acid

it does not transfer nearly as much energy as aerobic respiration because the glucose is not fully oxidised

it is only useful in emergencies ex. during exercise

59
Q

word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

glucose —> lactic acid

60
Q

what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast and plant cells

A

glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide

61
Q

what is anaerobic respiration called in yeast cells

A

fermentation

62
Q

what are uses of fermentation

A

bread making

beer and wine making

food industry

63
Q

what happens during exercise to supply the muscles with more oxygenated blood

A

The heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume increase during exercise

64
Q

what happens if there is a lack of oxygen during exercise

A

The incomplete oxidation of glucose causes a build up of lactic acid and creates an oxygen debt. During long periods of vigorous activity muscles become fatigued and stop contracting efficiently

65
Q

what is oxygen debt

A

Oxygen debt is the amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the
accumulated lactic acid and remove it from the cells

biology gcse (7 decks)

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