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biology gcse > infection and response (paper 1) > Flashcards

infection and response (paper 1) Flashcards

1
Q

how to white blood cells stop disease

A

phagocytosis (engulf microbes)

produce antibodies to attack microbes

produce antitoxins

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2
Q

how do white blood cells make antibodies to destroy pathogens

A

white blood cells can produce specific antibodies to destroy pathogens

the antibodies attach onto the antigens on the pathogens surface to destroy it

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3
Q

what is immunity

A

not being able to catch a certain disease because you have antibodies in your blood to fight it

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4
Q

examples of viral diseases

A

HIV
measles

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5
Q

example of fungal disease

A

athletes foot

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6
Q

example of bacterial disease

A

salmonella

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7
Q

reasons why communicable disease spread after after a natural disaster

A

transport systems disrupted
pollutants
close proximity to others who are sick
lack of health care and treatment facilities
lack of money and food

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8
Q

how do viral infections make you ill

A

may produce rapidly inside the body

viruses live and reproduce inside cells causing cell damage

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9
Q

symptoms and treatment of HIV

A

symptoms = weakened immune system

treatment = protection, antiviral drugs

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10
Q

symptoms and treatment of tobacco mosaic virus

A

symptoms = discolouration of the plants leaves

spread by contact with other plants

treatment = removing diseased section of the plants

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11
Q

symptoms and treatment of measles

A

symptoms = a fever, runny nose, cough, red and watery eyes, red rash

spread through inhaling droplets from coughs and sneezes and close personal contact with others can increase the spread

treatment = vaccinations as a child

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12
Q

how do bacterial infections make you ill

A

bacteria may produce rapidly inside the body

bacteria produces toxins that damage tissues and make us feel ill

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13
Q

symptoms and treatment of gonorrhoea

A

symptoms = discharge and discomfort

spread through sexual contact

treatment = antibodies and sexual barrier

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14
Q

symptoms and treatment of salmonella

A

symptoms = fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting , diarrhoea

spread through eating food such as meat, eggs and milk that are infected by the bacterium

treatment = washing hands, cooking food throughly, not keeping cooked and raw meat together

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15
Q

symptoms and treatment of rose black spot

A

symptoms = purple or black spots on plants leaves, dropping of leaves early, reduction in photosynthesis so limited growth

spread through wind and water

treatment = using fungicides, removing damaged area

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16
Q

how to viruses invade cells

A

virus attaches to the receptors on the cell

virus invades into the host cell and the viral DNA is copied

the virus replicates and makes hundreds and thousands of copies of themselves

the cell bursts open and frees the virus cells

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17
Q

what are protists and what do they do

A

are single called organisms that…

can grow on and contaminate food

can be parasites;
live on or inside another organism
rely on the host for survival
cause the host organism harm

some require a vector e.g mosquitos

18
Q

how do people contract malaria

A

mosquitos saliva contains a parasite

person gets bitten by a mosquito

that releases sporozoite into the hosts blood

travels to liver

sporozoite multiplies to become thousands (merozoites)

infected blood cells burst, releasing merozoites into the blood

mosquito feeds on the blood

it then bites another person

19
Q

symptoms and prevention of malaria

A

symptoms = reoccurring fever, temperature, can be fatal

prevention = preventing the vectors , mosquitos, from breeding
insect repellant
using mosquito nets

20
Q

how does a vaccine work

A

the vaccine contains a dead or weakened form of the pathogen

when injected into the body , white blood cells produce antibodies which attach onto the antigens on the pathogens surface

memory cells remember the specific type of antibody for that pathogen do if a person becomes infected with the disease many more antibodies are produced very quickly. This is called immunity

21
Q

what is medicine

A

a chemical substance that is used in the diagnosis, cure treatment or prevention of disease

22
Q

how do antibiotics work

A

stopping DNA replication in bacterial cells
stopping bacterial cells from growing a cell wall
they don’t attach our own cells because they only attach cell with a cell wall

23
Q

what is a drug

A

a substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body

24
Q

where do we get most of our medicines from

A

plants
mould
made in labs

25
Q

where does aspirin originate from

A

willow

26
Q

where does the heart drug digitalis originate from

A

foxgloves

27
Q

where does the antibiotic penicillin come from

A

penicillium mould

28
Q

why must drugs be tested

A

check that they are safe;
no side effects
tested for toxicity

tested for efficacy;
do they prevent or cure the disease
they can successfully be taken in and removed from the body

tested to establish the required doses

29
Q

what happened with the thalidomide drug

A

developed as a sleeping pill
also thought to be useful for easing morning sickness
not tested effectively
led to very short or incompletely formed limbs

30
Q

drug development stages

A
  1. research - develop ideas for treatment and lots of possible drugs
  2. pre clinical trials - part one - medicines are tested on cells, tissues and isolated whole organs, then tested for efficacy and toxicity
  3. pre clinical trials - part two - animal testing, they test to see whether there are any side effects
  4. clinical trials - phase one - drug is tested on a small number of healthy human volunteers
  5. clinical trials - phase two - human trials run with a small number of the patients suffering from the disease, to check that that drug treats the disease
  6. clinical trails - phase two - human trails continue with a larger number of patients, control groups are compared to experimental groups
    licensing and monitoring
31
Q

ways in which pathogens can spread

A

water
air
direct contact

32
Q

advantages and disadvantages of vaccines

A

advantages = help to control communicable diseases, epidemics can be prevented if a large percentage of the population are vaccinated

disadvantages = sometimes they don’t give you immunity, people can sometimes have bad reactions to vaccines

33
Q

steps to create monoclonal antibodies

A
  1. an antigen is injected into a mouse
  2. the mouse naturally produces lymphocytes which produce antibodies that are specific to the antigen that was injected
  3. spleen cells which produce the lymphocytes are removed from the mouse
  4. the spleen cells are fused with human cancerous white blood cells called myeloma cells to form hybridoma cells which divide indefinitely
  5. these hybridoma cells divide and produce monoclonal antibodies specific to the original antigen
34
Q

advantages of the use of monoclonal antibodies

A

diagnosis or severe diseases eg. cancer

do not target healthy cells

less invasive that chemotherapy

using mice is better than a human dying or being very ill

also useful when not used inside the body

35
Q

disadvantages of the use of monoclonal antibodies

A

healthy volunteers must be tested on which can be costly / a risk

side effects - some very severe

people may be allergic

using mice is unethical, especially when causing a tumour to form

many people do not know much about this treatment method

36
Q

how do antibiotics become resistant

A

bacteria become resistant to antibiotics as a result of random genetic mutation. when this happens they are not able to be destroyed by the antibiotics usually used to treat them

37
Q

how do bacteria make you ill

A

rapidly reproduce inside your body and make you feel i’ll by producing toxins that damage your cells and tissues

38
Q

how do viruses make you i’ll

A

reproduce rapidly inside your body and replicate themselves so much that they cause cells to burst , releasing all the new viruses

the cell damage is what makes you feel ill

39
Q

what can a lack of nitrates have on a plant

A

stunted growth

40
Q

what can a lack of magnesium ions have on a plant

A

can’t make chlorophyll which is needed for photosynthesis

suffer from chlorosis and have yellow leaves

41
Q

uses of monoclonal anti bodies

A

for diagnosis such as in pregnancy tests

in laboratories to measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood, or to detect pathogens

in research to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue by binding to them with a fluorescent dye

to treat some diseases: for cancer the monoclonal antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing. It delivers the substance to the cancer cells without harming other cells in the body

biology gcse (7 decks)

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