Organisation of the Organism Flashcards
4 Features of eukaryotic cells that are not visible in light microscope
RM RV
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Vesicles
Function of Ribosomes
are tiny structures that can be free within the cytoplasm or attached to a system of membranes within the cell known as Endoplasmic Reticulum
site of protien production in photosynthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
RER is studded with ribosomes and is involved in producing and transporting proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes looks rough under the microscope; this gives rise to its name of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Functions of Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell - Produces energy in the form of ATP by carrying out aerobic respiration
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) are organelles found throughout the cytoplasm
Function of Vesicles
Transport substances within the cell
can also be seen using a higher magnification – these are small circular structures found moving throughout the cytoplasm
A very metabolically active cell is supposed to contain lots of __________
Mitochondria
What kind of cells have more MER and Mitochondria
Almost all cells except prokaryotic cells like bacteria
2 Functions of Nucleus
Contains the genetic material in chromosome which controls how cells grow and work.
Controls Cell division
Functions of Cytoplasm
Supports Cell Structure
Site of many chemical reactions
Contains water and many solutes
3 Organelles found only in plant cells
CPC
Cellulose Cellwall
Permanent Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Function of Cell Wall
Gives extra support and defines shape
Function of permament Vacuole
Contain Cell sap
Used for storage of certain materials
Also helps for the support of the shape of cells
Function of Chloroplasts
Site of photosynthesis, providing food for plants
Chlorophyll pigments absorb light energy needed for the reaction to occur
Ciliated Epithelial Cells
They waft away the dirt and debirs up to the throat where it can be swallowed
How are the epithelial cells adapted to their function
Extentions of the cytoplasm at the surface of the cell form hair like structures called the cilia which beat to move mucus and trapped particles to the throat
Function of root hair cells
Increases teh surface of the cell to ensure maximum absorption of water and mineral ions
Walls are thin to ensure water moves through quickly
No chloroplasts are present
Root hair cell adaptation
Lot of mitochondria to provide energy for ATP
Long extension to maximise the surface area available for uptake
Function of Xylem vessels
Conduct water through the plant and support the plant
Xylem Adaptation
No top and bottom walls so that there is continuous column of water running through them
Cells are dead with organelles or cytoplasm to allow free passage of water
Their walls are thickened with with substance calls LIGNIN which means that they are able to support the plant
Function of Palisade Mesophyll Cells
Absorb light and carry on with photosynthesis
How are palisade mesophyll cells adapted
- Contains lots of chlroplasts
- Thin and tall so that many can be packed
- Large vacuoles push chloroplasts to outside of cell
- Thin cell wall to minimise diffusion distance
Function of red blood cells
Transportation of oxygen
How are red blood cells adapted
Biconclave shape to increase surface area
No nucleaus, so there is more room for haemoglobin
Contains which joins with oxygen to to transport it.
Function of Nerve cells
Conduction of impluses
Nerve cells adaptation
Long cells so that they can from and to different parts of the body.
Thin to transmit the signals faster
Covered with myelin sheaths to speed up transmission
Has extension and branches so that once cell can connect with many other
Function of Sperm Cell
To travel to, penetrate and and fertilise the egg
Sperm Cell adaptation
The head contains genetic material for fertilisation in HAPLOID NUCLEUS
The ACROSOME in the head contains digestive enzymes so that the sperm penetrate the egg
Mid Piece is filled with mitochondria to release energy to help it swim and fertilise
The tail enables it to swim
Function of Egg Cell
To fuse with the sperm for reproduction
Adaptation of Egg Cell
HAPLOID Nucleus so that after pairing with the sperm it produces diploid organism
Lots of cytoplasm to provide nutrients for the growth of early embryos
Cell membrane changes after fertilisation, so that another sperm cannot enter.
Define Tissue
Groups of cells of similar structure working together to perform the same function
Define organ
Made from different tissues working together to perform specific funtions
Define Organ Systems
Group of organs with related functions working together to perform body functions
What tissue makes up a plant leaf
EVM
Epidermis (lower and upper),
Veins (Xylem, Pholem
Mesophyll Tissue (Spongy, Palisade)
What type of tissue heart is made of
Cardiac muscle
Magnification
How much larger an object is displaced when compared with the original object
Formula to create magnification from image size and actual size
I AM Formula
Image Size = Acutal Size X Magnification
How do you convert mm to (mu)m
multiply by 1000 - 50mm = 50000 mum
