Organisation of The Human Body Flashcards
What are the 6 levels of structural organisation?
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organismal
What are the 11 systems of the Human body?
Integumentary, Muscular, Skeletal, Nervous, Lymphatic & Immune, Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Digestive, Respiratory, Reproductive, Urinary
Chemical Structural Level
The building blocks of the body. eg. Atoms (smallest stable
units of matter) and
these joint to form
molecules (complex
shapes and activities)
Cellular Structural Level
Basic structural and functional
units of the body (~200 types). e.g. cardiac muscle cells
Tissue Structural Level
Tissues are groups of cells that work
together to perform a particular
function. 4 major classes: Epithelial,
Connective, Muscle, Nerve. e.g. Cardiac muscle
Organ Structural Level
Organs are structures with specific
functions composed of two or more
types of tissue. Eg. Heart
System Level
A system consists of related organs
with a common function. e.g. Cardiovascular
Organismal Level
All the parts of the body function
together to constitute a living
organism. Eg. The individual
Some organs belong to more than one System
Eg. Pancreas; Digestive & Endocrine
What is the top level of the Integumentary System structure called?
Epidermis
What is the function of the epidermis?
Protects; Covers surface
Protects; deeper tissues
Produces; Vitamin D Production
What is the mid layer of the Integumentary system?
Dermis
- Hair follicles
-Hairs
-Sebaceous glands
-Sweat glands (breast tissue is a modified sweat gland)
- Nails (epidermis & dermis)
-Sensory Receptors
What is the function of the dermis?
“feeds’ epidermis.
strength- glands
Sensation from innervation
Protection
Lubricates hair shaft and epidermis
Thermoregulation: Evaporative cooling (sweat)
Stiffen and protect digits
Detects sensations: Touch; pressure,
temperature, pain
What is the bottom layer of the Integumentary system called?
Hypodermis
What does the hypodermis do?
Fat stores;
Attaches skin to deeper layers
Epidermis classification of epithelium?
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Dermis 2 layers?
Papillary Layer (areolar tissues)
Reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue)
Hypodermis?
Subcutaneous layer of superficial fascia.
Cutaneous Membrane of integumentary
Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis
Accessory Structures of integumentary
Hair shaft, pore of sweat gland duct, , hair follicle etc.
What are the muscular system components?
Skeletal muscles, Axial Muscles, Appendicular Muscles, Tendons & Aponeuroses
Skeletal muscles (muscular system) function?
Skeletal movement
Control entrances and exits:
digestive, respiratory and urinary
systems.
Produce heat: shivering
Support: skeleton
Protect: soft tissues
Axial muscles (muscular system) function?
Provides support and
positioning of the axial skeleton.
Appendicular muscles (muscular system) function?
Support and move limbs
Tendons and aponeuroses (muscular system) function?
Translate contractile forces into
tasks (e.g. flexion, extension).
Tendon – fibrous rope-like
connections between muscle to
bone
Aponeuroses – sheet-like; most
often muscle to muscle
connection; also to bone
Skeletal system components
Bones, cartilage
and joints
Axial Skeleton:
(skull, vertebrae,
sacrum, coccyx,
sternum, supporting
cartilages, ligaments)
Appendicular skeleton:
(Limb bones, supporting
cartilages & ligaments)
Bone
Bone Marrow (red & yellow)
Bones, cartilage
and joints (skeletal system) function
Cartilage: bone interfaces
Types: hyaline (ribs, joints); fibro-
(discs)
Axial Skeleton (skeletal system) function
Protects brain and spinal cord,
sense organs, and soft tissues of
thorax.
Supports body weight over lower
limbs.
Appendicular skeleton (skeletal system) function
Provides internal support and
positioning of the external limbs;
supports and enables muscles to
move the axial skeleton
Bone (skeletal muscle) function
stores minerals
Bone marrow (red) - skeletal muscle function
Red blood cell production (flat
bones (pelvis, sternum, skull, ribs;
lose some of this with aging).
Bone marrow (yellow) - skeletal muscle function
Stores of fat cells (found medullary
cavity of long bones; gain with ageing; yellow to red after major bleeding)
Nervous system components?
Central nervous system, Brain, Spinal cord, Special senses, Peripheral Nervous system
Central nervous system function
Control centre
Short term control over other
systems
Brain nervous system function
Complex integrative
activities
Controls voluntary and
involuntary activities
Spinal cord nervous system function
Relays information to and
from brain
Performs less complex
integrative activities (reflex
arc)
Special senses nervous system function
Sensory input to brain relating
to sight, hearing, smell and
taste and equilibrium
Peripheral Nervous
system function
Links the CNS with other
systems and sense organs
Endocrine system components?
Pineal gland, Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, Thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, gonads
Pineal gland function- endocrine system
Day night rhythms
(Melatonin)
Hypothalamus/
Pituitary gland function
Control many other
endocrine glands
Regulates growth
Fluid balance
Thyroid gland function
Metabolic rate (thyroxine)