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Cells & Tissues > Organisation of The Human Body > Flashcards

Organisation of The Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 levels of structural organisation?

A

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organismal

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2
Q

What are the 11 systems of the Human body?

A

Integumentary, Muscular, Skeletal, Nervous, Lymphatic & Immune, Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Digestive, Respiratory, Reproductive, Urinary

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3
Q

Chemical Structural Level

A

The building blocks of the body. eg. Atoms (smallest stable
units of matter) and
these joint to form
molecules (complex
shapes and activities)

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4
Q

Cellular Structural Level

A

Basic structural and functional
units of the body (~200 types). e.g. cardiac muscle cells

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5
Q

Tissue Structural Level

A

Tissues are groups of cells that work
together to perform a particular
function. 4 major classes: Epithelial,
Connective, Muscle, Nerve. e.g. Cardiac muscle

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6
Q

Organ Structural Level

A

Organs are structures with specific
functions composed of two or more
types of tissue. Eg. Heart

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7
Q

System Level

A

A system consists of related organs
with a common function. e.g. Cardiovascular

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8
Q

Organismal Level

A

All the parts of the body function
together to constitute a living
organism. Eg. The individual

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9
Q

Some organs belong to more than one System

A

Eg. Pancreas; Digestive & Endocrine

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10
Q

What is the top level of the Integumentary System structure called?

A

Epidermis

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11
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A

Protects; Covers surface
Protects; deeper tissues
Produces; Vitamin D Production

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12
Q

What is the mid layer of the Integumentary system?

A

Dermis
- Hair follicles
-Hairs
-Sebaceous glands
-Sweat glands (breast tissue is a modified sweat gland)
- Nails (epidermis & dermis)
-Sensory Receptors

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13
Q

What is the function of the dermis?

A

“feeds’ epidermis.
strength- glands
Sensation from innervation
Protection
Lubricates hair shaft and epidermis
Thermoregulation: Evaporative cooling (sweat)
Stiffen and protect digits
Detects sensations: Touch; pressure,
temperature, pain

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14
Q

What is the bottom layer of the Integumentary system called?

A

Hypodermis

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15
Q

What does the hypodermis do?

A

Fat stores;
Attaches skin to deeper layers

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16
Q

Epidermis classification of epithelium?

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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17
Q

Dermis 2 layers?

A

Papillary Layer (areolar tissues)
Reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue)

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18
Q

Hypodermis?

A

Subcutaneous layer of superficial fascia.

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19
Q

Cutaneous Membrane of integumentary

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis

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20
Q

Accessory Structures of integumentary

A

Hair shaft, pore of sweat gland duct, , hair follicle etc.

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21
Q

What are the muscular system components?

A

Skeletal muscles, Axial Muscles, Appendicular Muscles, Tendons & Aponeuroses

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22
Q

Skeletal muscles (muscular system) function?

A

Skeletal movement
Control entrances and exits:
digestive, respiratory and urinary
systems.
Produce heat: shivering
Support: skeleton
Protect: soft tissues

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23
Q

Axial muscles (muscular system) function?

A

Provides support and
positioning of the axial skeleton.

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24
Q

Appendicular muscles (muscular system) function?

A

Support and move limbs

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25
Q

Tendons and aponeuroses (muscular system) function?

A

Translate contractile forces into
tasks (e.g. flexion, extension).
Tendon – fibrous rope-like
connections between muscle to
bone
Aponeuroses – sheet-like; most
often muscle to muscle
connection; also to bone

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26
Q

Skeletal system components

A

Bones, cartilage
and joints
Axial Skeleton:
(skull, vertebrae,
sacrum, coccyx,
sternum, supporting
cartilages, ligaments)
Appendicular skeleton:
(Limb bones, supporting
cartilages & ligaments)
Bone
Bone Marrow (red & yellow)

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27
Q

Bones, cartilage
and joints (skeletal system) function

A

Cartilage: bone interfaces
Types: hyaline (ribs, joints); fibro-
(discs)

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28
Q

Axial Skeleton (skeletal system) function

A

Protects brain and spinal cord,
sense organs, and soft tissues of
thorax.
Supports body weight over lower
limbs.

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29
Q

Appendicular skeleton (skeletal system) function

A

Provides internal support and
positioning of the external limbs;
supports and enables muscles to
move the axial skeleton

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30
Q

Bone (skeletal muscle) function

A

stores minerals

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31
Q

Bone marrow (red) - skeletal muscle function

A

Red blood cell production (flat
bones (pelvis, sternum, skull, ribs;
lose some of this with aging).

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32
Q

Bone marrow (yellow) - skeletal muscle function

A

Stores of fat cells (found medullary
cavity of long bones; gain with ageing; yellow to red after major bleeding)

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33
Q

Nervous system components?

A

Central nervous system, Brain, Spinal cord, Special senses, Peripheral Nervous system

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34
Q

Central nervous system function

A

Control centre
Short term control over other
systems

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35
Q

Brain nervous system function

A

Complex integrative
activities
Controls voluntary and
involuntary activities

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36
Q

Spinal cord nervous system function

A

Relays information to and
from brain
Performs less complex
integrative activities (reflex
arc)

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37
Q

Special senses nervous system function

A

Sensory input to brain relating
to sight, hearing, smell and
taste and equilibrium

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38
Q

Peripheral Nervous
system function

A

Links the CNS with other
systems and sense organs

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39
Q

Endocrine system components?

A

Pineal gland, Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, Thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, gonads

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40
Q

Pineal gland function- endocrine system

A

Day night rhythms
(Melatonin)

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41
Q

Hypothalamus/
Pituitary gland function

A

Control many other
endocrine glands
Regulates growth
Fluid balance

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42
Q

Thyroid gland function

A

Metabolic rate (thyroxine)

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43
Q

Parathyroid gland function

A

Calcium levels

44
Q

Thymus function

A

Maturation of lymphocytes

45
Q

Adrenal glands function

A

Water and mineral balance
(e.g. aldosterone)
Tissue metabolism (cortisol)
Cardio. and Resp. function
(adrenaline)

46
Q

Kidneys (due to
major hormone
producing cells) function

A

Red blood cell production
Blood pressure up
Calcium levels

47
Q

Pancreas function

A

Glucose control

48
Q

Gonads function

A

Sexual characteristics and
reproduction

49
Q

IGF

A

Insulin like growth factor hormone

50
Q

‘Gigantism”

A

Too much growth hormone from childhood (structural growth eg. height)

51
Q

Acromegaly

A

Too much growth hormone as an adult (majority of height/physical growth is done so it impact mainly features

52
Q

Lymphatic & Immune system components

A

Lymphatic vessels, Lymphatic fluid, B & T Cells, Lymph nodes including tonsils, spleen, Thymus

53
Q

Lymphatic vessels function

A

Contractile vessels. Carry lymph fluid
(water and protein) and lymphocytes
from peripheral tissues to veins of CV
system

54
Q

Lymphatic fluid function

A

Lipids (fats and fatty acids) from gut;
Fluid from tissues

55
Q

B cells and T
cells function

A

Cells that carry out immune responses

56
Q

Lymph nodes
including
tonsils function

A

Monitor composition of lymph
Defence: Engulf pathogens
Stimulate immune response
(e.g. lymphadenopathy)

57
Q

Spleen function

A

Monitors circulation blood cells
Engulfs pathogens
Recycle red blood cells
Produces immune responses
Like are large lymph node

58
Q

Thymus function

A

Controls development and maintenance
of the T cell lymphocytes

59
Q

Cardiovascular system components

A

Heart, Blood Vessels & Blood

60
Q

Heart function

A

Propels blood and maintains blood
pressure

61
Q

Blood Vessels are:

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

62
Q

Blood Vessels functions

A

Conduits:
From heart to capillaries
Diffusion between blood and
interstitial fluids
Return blood from capillaries to heart

63
Q

Blood function

A

Transport of oxygen and carbon
dioxide
Transport nutrients and hormones
Remove waste
Temperature regulation
Defence against illness (immune
cells)
Acid base balance (-HCO3)

64
Q

Respiratory system components

A

Nasal cavity and
paranasal
sinuses, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs & Diaphragm

65
Q

Nasal cavity and
paranasal
sinuses function

A

Filter and warm and humidify
air and detect smells

66
Q

Pharynx function

A

Conducts air to larynx

67
Q

Larynx function

A

Protects opening to trachea
and contains vocal cords for
vocalisation

68
Q

Trachea function

A

Conducts air
Cartilage keeps it open

69
Q

Bronchi function

A

Conducts air between trachea
and lungs

70
Q

Lungs function

A

Air movement
Gas exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide in alveoli
Acid base control

71
Q

Diaphragm function

A

Muscle for air movement

72
Q

Digestive system components

A

Oral cavity, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, Large intestine & Anus

73
Q

Oral cavity function

A

Breaks up food working with teeth
and tongue

74
Q

Salivary glands function

A

Buffers and lubricant
Enzymes that begin digestion

75
Q

Pharynx function

A

Solid food and liquids to the
oesophagus
Chamber shared with Resp system

76
Q

Oesophagus function

A

delivers food to stomach

77
Q

Stomach function

A

Secretes acid
Enzymes
Hormones

78
Q

Small intestine function

A

Digestive enzymes
Buffers and hormones
Absorbs nutrients

79
Q

Liver function

A

Secretes bile
Regulates nutrients in blood

80
Q

Gallbladder function

A

Concentrates bile

81
Q

Pancreas function

A

Digestive enzymes
Buffers
Endocrine cells

82
Q

Large intestine
and Anus function

A

Water removal
Waste storage and removal

83
Q

Salivary gland components

A

Parotid gland (near ear)
submandibular gland (near jawline)
sublingual gland (near chin)

84
Q

Urinary system components

A

Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra

85
Q

Kidneys function

A

Forms and concentrates urine
Regulate pH and ions
Blood volume & blood pressure
Endocrine function

86
Q

Ureters function

A

Conducts urine to bladder

87
Q

Bladder function

A

Stores urine prior to elimination

88
Q

Urethra function

A

Conducts urine to exterior

89
Q

what is (EPO) Erythropoietin

A

is a glycoprotein
hormone produced by the
interstitial fibroblasts in kidney

90
Q

(EPO) Erythropoietin function

A

It signals for erythropoiesis in
bone marrow.
The increased activity of a
Hemocytoblasts (RBC stem
cell) causes more RBC
production which allows the
blood to have a greater
carrying capacity for oxygen.

91
Q

Reproductive system in male components

A

Testes, Accessory organs
(Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Seminal glands
Prostate gland
Urethra), External genitalia
Penis
scrotum

92
Q

Testes function

A

Produce sperm
Also produces hormones
(In endocrine system as
well)

93
Q

Accessory organs
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Seminal glands
Prostate gland
Urethra function

A

Sperm maturation
Sperm from epididymis
Seminal fluid
Seminal fluid
Sperm to exterior

94
Q

External genitalia
Penis
scrotum function

A

Reproduction and thermal
control testes

95
Q

Reproductive system in female components

A

Ovaries, Uterine tubes, Uterus, Vagina and
external genitalia, Mammary
glands

96
Q

Ovaries function

A

Oocytes and hormones
(In endocrine system as
well)

97
Q

Uterine tubes function

A

Delivery oocyte
Location of fertilisation

98
Q

Uterus function

A

Embryonic development

99
Q

Vagina and
external genitalia function

A

Lubrication
Sperm reception
Birth canal

100
Q

Mammary
glands function

A

Nutrition for new-born
(This is a modified
sweat gland and so also
part of the
integumentary system)

101
Q

Tissues are..

A

A Tissue is a group of similar cells (usually of a common
embryonic origin) that functions together to carry out
specialised activities

102
Q

4 basics types of tissues are..

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle & nervous

103
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Covers body surfaces, lines
hollow organs, tubes, cavities
and ducts; forms glands

Protection; filtration;
secretion; absorption;
excretion

104
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Cells in a matrix of fibres and
ground substance (includes
bone and blood)

Protects and supports; binds
organs together; stores energy;
transport (blood)

105
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Contractile cells (muscle fibres)

Movement

106
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Conducting nerve cells and
supportive neuroglia

Detects changes and generates
nerve impulses

Cells & Tissues (5 decks)

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