Organisation of The Human Body Flashcards
What are the 6 levels of structural organisation?
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organismal
What are the 11 systems of the Human body?
Integumentary, Muscular, Skeletal, Nervous, Lymphatic & Immune, Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Digestive, Respiratory, Reproductive, Urinary
Chemical Structural Level
The building blocks of the body. eg. Atoms (smallest stable
units of matter) and
these joint to form
molecules (complex
shapes and activities)
Cellular Structural Level
Basic structural and functional
units of the body (~200 types). e.g. cardiac muscle cells
Tissue Structural Level
Tissues are groups of cells that work
together to perform a particular
function. 4 major classes: Epithelial,
Connective, Muscle, Nerve. e.g. Cardiac muscle
Organ Structural Level
Organs are structures with specific
functions composed of two or more
types of tissue. Eg. Heart
System Level
A system consists of related organs
with a common function. e.g. Cardiovascular
Organismal Level
All the parts of the body function
together to constitute a living
organism. Eg. The individual
Some organs belong to more than one System
Eg. Pancreas; Digestive & Endocrine
What is the top level of the Integumentary System structure called?
Epidermis
What is the function of the epidermis?
Protects; Covers surface
Protects; deeper tissues
Produces; Vitamin D Production
What is the mid layer of the Integumentary system?
Dermis
- Hair follicles
-Hairs
-Sebaceous glands
-Sweat glands (breast tissue is a modified sweat gland)
- Nails (epidermis & dermis)
-Sensory Receptors
What is the function of the dermis?
“feeds’ epidermis.
strength- glands
Sensation from innervation
Protection
Lubricates hair shaft and epidermis
Thermoregulation: Evaporative cooling (sweat)
Stiffen and protect digits
Detects sensations: Touch; pressure,
temperature, pain
What is the bottom layer of the Integumentary system called?
Hypodermis
What does the hypodermis do?
Fat stores;
Attaches skin to deeper layers
Epidermis classification of epithelium?
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Dermis 2 layers?
Papillary Layer (areolar tissues)
Reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue)
Hypodermis?
Subcutaneous layer of superficial fascia.
Cutaneous Membrane of integumentary
Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis
Accessory Structures of integumentary
Hair shaft, pore of sweat gland duct, , hair follicle etc.
What are the muscular system components?
Skeletal muscles, Axial Muscles, Appendicular Muscles, Tendons & Aponeuroses
Skeletal muscles (muscular system) function?
Skeletal movement
Control entrances and exits:
digestive, respiratory and urinary
systems.
Produce heat: shivering
Support: skeleton
Protect: soft tissues
Axial muscles (muscular system) function?
Provides support and
positioning of the axial skeleton.
Appendicular muscles (muscular system) function?
Support and move limbs
Tendons and aponeuroses (muscular system) function?
Translate contractile forces into
tasks (e.g. flexion, extension).
Tendon – fibrous rope-like
connections between muscle to
bone
Aponeuroses – sheet-like; most
often muscle to muscle
connection; also to bone
Skeletal system components
Bones, cartilage
and joints
Axial Skeleton:
(skull, vertebrae,
sacrum, coccyx,
sternum, supporting
cartilages, ligaments)
Appendicular skeleton:
(Limb bones, supporting
cartilages & ligaments)
Bone
Bone Marrow (red & yellow)
Bones, cartilage
and joints (skeletal system) function
Cartilage: bone interfaces
Types: hyaline (ribs, joints); fibro-
(discs)
Axial Skeleton (skeletal system) function
Protects brain and spinal cord,
sense organs, and soft tissues of
thorax.
Supports body weight over lower
limbs.
Appendicular skeleton (skeletal system) function
Provides internal support and
positioning of the external limbs;
supports and enables muscles to
move the axial skeleton
Bone (skeletal muscle) function
stores minerals
Bone marrow (red) - skeletal muscle function
Red blood cell production (flat
bones (pelvis, sternum, skull, ribs;
lose some of this with aging).
Bone marrow (yellow) - skeletal muscle function
Stores of fat cells (found medullary
cavity of long bones; gain with ageing; yellow to red after major bleeding)
Nervous system components?
Central nervous system, Brain, Spinal cord, Special senses, Peripheral Nervous system
Central nervous system function
Control centre
Short term control over other
systems
Brain nervous system function
Complex integrative
activities
Controls voluntary and
involuntary activities
Spinal cord nervous system function
Relays information to and
from brain
Performs less complex
integrative activities (reflex
arc)
Special senses nervous system function
Sensory input to brain relating
to sight, hearing, smell and
taste and equilibrium
Peripheral Nervous
system function
Links the CNS with other
systems and sense organs
Endocrine system components?
Pineal gland, Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, Thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, gonads
Pineal gland function- endocrine system
Day night rhythms
(Melatonin)
Hypothalamus/
Pituitary gland function
Control many other
endocrine glands
Regulates growth
Fluid balance
Thyroid gland function
Metabolic rate (thyroxine)
Parathyroid gland function
Calcium levels
Thymus function
Maturation of lymphocytes
Adrenal glands function
Water and mineral balance
(e.g. aldosterone)
Tissue metabolism (cortisol)
Cardio. and Resp. function
(adrenaline)
Kidneys (due to
major hormone
producing cells) function
Red blood cell production
Blood pressure up
Calcium levels
Pancreas function
Glucose control
Gonads function
Sexual characteristics and
reproduction
IGF
Insulin like growth factor hormone
‘Gigantism”
Too much growth hormone from childhood (structural growth eg. height)
Acromegaly
Too much growth hormone as an adult (majority of height/physical growth is done so it impact mainly features
Lymphatic & Immune system components
Lymphatic vessels, Lymphatic fluid, B & T Cells, Lymph nodes including tonsils, spleen, Thymus
Lymphatic vessels function
Contractile vessels. Carry lymph fluid
(water and protein) and lymphocytes
from peripheral tissues to veins of CV
system
Lymphatic fluid function
Lipids (fats and fatty acids) from gut;
Fluid from tissues
B cells and T
cells function
Cells that carry out immune responses
Lymph nodes
including
tonsils function
Monitor composition of lymph
Defence: Engulf pathogens
Stimulate immune response
(e.g. lymphadenopathy)
Spleen function
Monitors circulation blood cells
Engulfs pathogens
Recycle red blood cells
Produces immune responses
Like are large lymph node
Thymus function
Controls development and maintenance
of the T cell lymphocytes
Cardiovascular system components
Heart, Blood Vessels & Blood
Heart function
Propels blood and maintains blood
pressure
Blood Vessels are:
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Blood Vessels functions
Conduits:
From heart to capillaries
Diffusion between blood and
interstitial fluids
Return blood from capillaries to heart
Blood function
Transport of oxygen and carbon
dioxide
Transport nutrients and hormones
Remove waste
Temperature regulation
Defence against illness (immune
cells)
Acid base balance (-HCO3)
Respiratory system components
Nasal cavity and
paranasal
sinuses, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs & Diaphragm
Nasal cavity and
paranasal
sinuses function
Filter and warm and humidify
air and detect smells
Pharynx function
Conducts air to larynx
Larynx function
Protects opening to trachea
and contains vocal cords for
vocalisation
Trachea function
Conducts air
Cartilage keeps it open
Bronchi function
Conducts air between trachea
and lungs
Lungs function
Air movement
Gas exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide in alveoli
Acid base control
Diaphragm function
Muscle for air movement
Digestive system components
Oral cavity, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, Large intestine & Anus
Oral cavity function
Breaks up food working with teeth
and tongue
Salivary glands function
Buffers and lubricant
Enzymes that begin digestion
Pharynx function
Solid food and liquids to the
oesophagus
Chamber shared with Resp system
Oesophagus function
delivers food to stomach
Stomach function
Secretes acid
Enzymes
Hormones
Small intestine function
Digestive enzymes
Buffers and hormones
Absorbs nutrients
Liver function
Secretes bile
Regulates nutrients in blood
Gallbladder function
Concentrates bile
Pancreas function
Digestive enzymes
Buffers
Endocrine cells
Large intestine
and Anus function
Water removal
Waste storage and removal
Salivary gland components
Parotid gland (near ear)
submandibular gland (near jawline)
sublingual gland (near chin)
Urinary system components
Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra
Kidneys function
Forms and concentrates urine
Regulate pH and ions
Blood volume & blood pressure
Endocrine function
Ureters function
Conducts urine to bladder
Bladder function
Stores urine prior to elimination
Urethra function
Conducts urine to exterior
what is (EPO) Erythropoietin
is a glycoprotein
hormone produced by the
interstitial fibroblasts in kidney
(EPO) Erythropoietin function
It signals for erythropoiesis in
bone marrow.
The increased activity of a
Hemocytoblasts (RBC stem
cell) causes more RBC
production which allows the
blood to have a greater
carrying capacity for oxygen.
Reproductive system in male components
Testes, Accessory organs
(Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Seminal glands
Prostate gland
Urethra), External genitalia
Penis
scrotum
Testes function
Produce sperm
Also produces hormones
(In endocrine system as
well)
Accessory organs
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Seminal glands
Prostate gland
Urethra function
Sperm maturation
Sperm from epididymis
Seminal fluid
Seminal fluid
Sperm to exterior
External genitalia
Penis
scrotum function
Reproduction and thermal
control testes
Reproductive system in female components
Ovaries, Uterine tubes, Uterus, Vagina and
external genitalia, Mammary
glands
Ovaries function
Oocytes and hormones
(In endocrine system as
well)
Uterine tubes function
Delivery oocyte
Location of fertilisation
Uterus function
Embryonic development
Vagina and
external genitalia function
Lubrication
Sperm reception
Birth canal
Mammary
glands function
Nutrition for new-born
(This is a modified
sweat gland and so also
part of the
integumentary system)
Tissues are..
A Tissue is a group of similar cells (usually of a common
embryonic origin) that functions together to carry out
specialised activities
4 basics types of tissues are..
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle & nervous
Epithelial Tissue
Covers body surfaces, lines
hollow organs, tubes, cavities
and ducts; forms glands
Protection; filtration;
secretion; absorption;
excretion
Connective Tissue
Cells in a matrix of fibres and
ground substance (includes
bone and blood)
Protects and supports; binds
organs together; stores energy;
transport (blood)
Muscle Tissue
Contractile cells (muscle fibres)
Movement
Nervous Tissue
Conducting nerve cells and
supportive neuroglia
Detects changes and generates
nerve impulses
