Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cells & Tissues > Connective Tissues > Flashcards

Connective Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main functions of Connective Tissues

A

1) It binds, supports and strengthens other body tissues.

  1. A major transport system of the body (blood is a connective tissue).
  2. A major site of stored energy reserves (fat or adipose tissue is a
    connective tissue).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Features of Connective Tissues; LIKE epithelia

A

CT is supplied by nerves
– (Exception: cartilage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Features of Connective Tissues; UNLIKE epithelia

A

CT is NOT found on body surfaces
– (Think of where bones, cartilage, blood are located…)

  • CT can be highly vascular
    – (Exceptions: cartilage which is avascular and tendons with very
    little blood supply)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Connective tissue (CT) is composed of…?

A

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) and CELLS

(CT = ECM + Cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the ECM is composed of?

A

1)Ground Substance (GS) in association with
2) Protein Fibres (3 major types in different proportions)

(ECM= GS + Fibres)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The protein fibres of the ECM are secreted by …?

A

the cells in
the ECM/CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The structure of the ECM largely dictates the connective
tissue qualities, what are two examples of this?

A

Cartilage: ECM is firm and rubbery
Bone: ECM hard and inflexible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is ground substance composed of?

A

Water
* Proteins (gelatin in jelly!)
* Polysaccharides (sugars-Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS or
mucopolysaccharides)

(GS = H 2 O + proteins+ polysaccharides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

(GAGS) Glycosaminoglycans joins with core proteins to form…?

A

proteoglycans

(Proteoglycans: Core Protein + Glycosaminoglycan (GAG))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is another name for Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS) & what is its structure?

A

Other name “mucopolysaccharides”
– They are long unbranched polysaccharides”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are 4 Sulphated Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)?

A
  • Dermatan sulphate
  • Heparin sulphate
  • Keratan sulphate
  • Chondroitin sulphate

-These bind to core proteins to form proteoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are Non-Sulphated Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)?

A

-Hyaluronic acid

Hyaluronic acid does not bind directly to core protein backbone but is joined to various proteoglycans
(no protein core)

The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid is unusual in that it is not sulphated or covalently bound to a core protein.
Highly polar and attract water so collectively, the glycosaminoglycans trap water to make the ground
substance more jelly-like.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

(GAGS) Hyaluronic acid application?

A

Hyaluronic Acid: viscous slippery substance binds cells together.
Lubricates joints and maintains shape of eyeball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hyaluronidase: how is it produced and its function?

A

produced by white blood cells, sperm and some bacteria.

This makes ground substance more liquid so they
can move more easily in it or makes access to the
egg easier for sperm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Chondroitin Sulphate application?

A

supports and provides the adhesive
features of cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Keratan Sulphate application?

A

found in bone, cartilage, cornea of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dermatan Sulphate application?

A

found in skin, tendons, blood vessels,
heart valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Abnormal Periorbital ECM and
thyroid disease (Exopthalmos) info?

A

Most common in younger women
* Goitre (swollen thyroid gland)
* Autoimmune over-activation of thyroid (goitre)
* Autoimmune action on fibroblasts in ECM of eye (exophthalmos)

The deposition of glycosaminoglycans and the influx of
water increase the orbital contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Can you sometimes get abnormal ECM ground substance?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How many different types of connective tissue fibres are there in the extracellular matrix (ECM) & what are they?

A

3
Collagen Fibres
Reticular Fibres
Elastic Fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Collagen Fibres features?

A

(thick) Very strong but flexible to resist pulling forces

  • Features vary in different tissues e.g. more water around
    collagen in cartilage than in bone.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what percentage does collagen make up if your body? & is it the most abundant protein?

A
  • Collagen 25% of your body and is most abundant
    protein!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are collagen fibres commonly found in the body?

A

bone, cartilages, tendons and ligaments
* Parallel bundles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is reticular fibre composed of?

A

Composed of collagen with coating of glycoprotein
* Collagen in fine bundles with coating of glycoprotein
(more protein than sugar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Are reticular fibres made with fibroblast?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Features of reticular fibres?

A

Provide strength and support
* Form part of the basement membrane
* Thinner, branching - spreads through tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Are elastic fibres thinner than collagen fibres?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Reticular fibres form networks in vessels through which tissues?

A

Form networks in vessels and through tissues especially
adipose tissue, nerve fibres, smooth muscle tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Features of elastic fibres?

A

Fibrous network
Can be stretched 150% without breaking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What protein does elastic fibres consist of?

A

Consist of the protein elastin surrounded by the
glycoprotein fibrillin to give more strength and stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where is elastic fibres most commonly found?

A

in skin, blood vessels and lung.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is marfan syndrome?

A

A hereditary defect in elastic fibres usually
resulting from a dominant mutation in a gene on
chromosome 15, which codes for fibrillin.

Fibrillin is a large glycoprotein (350 kDa) that
contributes to a structural scaffold for elastin.
Body produces growth factor Transforming
Growth Factor beta(TGFb) – increases growth
because does not bind normally to fibrillin to
keep it inactive (theory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Indivituals with marfan syndrome are usually…

A

tall, long limbed, and often with a chest deformity
(e.g. protruding or collapsed sternum). Normal life
span but need medical vigilance to control BP etc
They may have weakened heart valves and arterial
walls, which can be life threatening.
Occurs in about 1 in 20,000 live births.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the two Common Connective Tissue Cell Types?

A

Fibroblasts
Adipocytes (fat cells)

35
Q

Where are the fibroblast CT cells found?

A

Widely distributed in
connective tissues;
migratory

36
Q

what are the function of fibroblast CT cells ?

A

Secrete components of
the ECM (fibres and
ground substance)

37
Q

Where are the adipocytes CT cells found?

A

Under skin and around
organs

38
Q

what are the function of adipocytes CT cells ?

A

Store fat
(triglycerides)

39
Q

What are the Other cells found in Solid CT?

A

Macrophages (Histiocytes)
Plasma Cells
Mast Cells
Leucocytes

40
Q

Features of Macrophages (Histiocytes) cells found in solid CT?

A

Phagocytic cells comes in fixed and wandering forms in connective tissue.

41
Q

Where are the fixed Macrophages (Histiocytes) found and called in CT?

A

Lung; Dust cells
Liver; Kupffer cells
Skin; langerhans cells

42
Q

Where are the wandering Macrophages (Histiocytes) found in CT?

A

In infection/inflammation/injury sites.

43
Q

Features of Plasma cells found in solid CT?

A

From B-Lymphocyte. These produce antibodies.

44
Q

Where are the plasma cells found in CT?

A

many sites especially the gut, , lungs, salivary glands, lymph nodes, spleen, red bone marrow

45
Q

Are plasma cells found in both yellow & red bone marrow in CT?

A

No- just red

46
Q

Features of mast cells found in solid CT?

A

produce histamine that dilates vessels

47
Q

Where are the mast cells found in CT?

A

alongside blood vessels

48
Q

Features of leucocytes cells found in solid CT?

A

Are white blood cells. Eg. neutrophils, eosinphils

49
Q

Where are the leucocytes cells found in CT?

A

Migrates out from blood

50
Q

What are the 2 Classifications of Connective Tissue:

A

Embryonic or Mature

51
Q

What are the 2 types of Embryonic classification of Connective Tissue?

A

Mesenchyme
(embryonic)

Mucous

52
Q

Features of Mesenchyme
(embryonic)

A

Gives rise to all other connective tissues.
* Consists of connective tissue cells (mesenchymal cells) in a semi-fluid
ground substance containing reticular fibres

53
Q

Features of Mucous

A

Mucous CT has widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in jelly-like
ground substance.
* Supports Umbilical cord of foetus.
a. Embryonic Connective Tissues

54
Q

What are the 2 types of Mature CT ; Connective Tissue proper

A

Loose; fibres create loose open framework- areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue

Dense; fibres densely packed- dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

55
Q

What are the 2 types of Mature CT ; Fluid connective tissue

A

Blood; flows within cardiovascular system

Lymph; flows within lymphatic system

56
Q

What are the 2 types of Mature CT ; Supporting connective tissue

A

Cartilage; solid rubbery matrix-hyaline cartilage, elastic cartliage, fibrous cartilage

Bone; solid crystalline matrix

57
Q

What are sometimes called specialised CT’s

A

Fluid connective tissue & supporting connective tissue

58
Q

Mature CT; Loose connective tissue- areolar connective tissue facts

A

Most common form of CT
Loose
(Many cells,
fewer fibres)

59
Q

Features of areolar connective tissue

A

Three types of fibres are present
(collagen, reticular and elastic).
Widely distributed around almost every
structure. Like a “packing material”.
Strength, Elasticity, Support.

60
Q

Features of adipose connective tissue

A

Adipocytes dominant.
Central triglyceride droplet.
Found with areolar connective tissue (incl. fibroblasts).
White adipose (energy storage) and Brown adipose (heat
production).
Insulation. Energy source. Temperature control

61
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A

Reticular tissues are abundant in reticular fibers, whereas dense connective tissues are abundant in collagen fibers. In reticular tissue, reticular fibers are loosely packed and form a mesh-like structure.

reticular fibres are the most predominant fibrous constituent, serves as the supporting structure of the bone marrow, liver and lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils).

62
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

(More fibres,
fewer cells)
Tendons (muscle to bone); Ligaments (bone to
bone); aponeuroses (muscle to muscle).
Regularly arranged collagen
e.g. tendons (pulling along the fibre axis).
Shiny white colour;
Collagen fibres are not a living tissue;
Slow healing
Attachment.
2. Dense Connective Tissue

63
Q

Dense irregeular connective tissue

A

Dense irregular connective tissue has fibers that are not arranged in parallel bundles as in dense regular connective tissue. Dense irregular connective tissue consists of mostly collagen fibers. It has less ground substance than loose connective tissue.

Due to high portions of collagenous fibers, dense irregular connective tissue provides strength, making the skin resistant to tearing by stretching forces from different directions. Dense irregular connective tissue also makes up submucosa of the digestive tract, lymph nodes, and some types of fascia.

64
Q

Dense elastic connective tissue

A

Dense connective tissue proper is composed of a higher density of fibers, which may be regular (with parallel fibers such as that of tendons and ligaments) or irregular (with multidirectional fibers such as that of the pericardium), or elastic (with significant embedded elastin such as that of arteries).

Dense elastic tissue contains elastin fibers in addition to collagen fibers, which allows the tissue to return to its original length after stretching. Dense elastic tissues give arterial walls the strength and the ability to regain original shape after stretching (dense CT figure).

65
Q

Hyaline connective tissue

A

(Dense network
of collagen and
elastic fibres)

Abundant.
Relatively weak, resilient gel in which fibres are
present but not obvious.
e.g. anterior ends of ribs; respiratory cartilage –
i.e. nose, trachea, bronchi.
Nasal septum, ends of long bones.
Flexibility and movement.
3. Supporting CT: Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage

66
Q

Elastic cartalige connective tissue

A

Elastic cartilage has abundant elastic fibers in addition to collagen, making the matrix much more elastic than hyaline cartilage. Elastic cartilage supports structures subjected to frequent deformation, including the larynx, epiglottis, and external ear.

it supports parts of your body that need to bend and move to function. Elastic cartilage can bounce back to its original shape, even after a strong force. Your ear is made of elastic cartilage. It can bend and move without hurting you before returning to its usual shape

67
Q

fibrous cartalige connective tissue

A

fibrocartilage, type of connective tissue that provides structural support for the musculoskeletal system. Fibrocartilage is very strong. It is found predominantly in the intervertebral disks of the spine and at the insertions of ligaments and tendons

Fibrocartilage is very strong. It is found predominantly in the intervertebral disks of the spine and at the insertions of ligaments and tendons. Its main function is to act as a cushion within joints, where it helps manage compression forces and reduces stress placed on joints

68
Q

Bone or osseous tissue

A

Bones are organs composed of several connective tissue types,
including bone tissue (which is either compact or spongy (BM))

Compact bone
Outer layer of bone and forms the
shaft of long bones.
It is also known as cortical bone.
Composed of many rod-shaped
units known as either Osteons or
Haversian systems (see soon).
Spongy bone
Porous inner bone tissue that lies underneath compact bone.
Also known as Cancellous bone
Lacks osteons
Wikipedia

69
Q

Bone compact

A

Compact contains osteons.
Stores calcium & phosphorous.
Protection & support

70
Q

Bone spongy

A

Lacks osteons, stores triglycerides (yellow marrow) and produces
blood cells (red marrow).

71
Q

4 types of cells found in bones

A

1- Osteogenic cells:
mesenchymal stem cells
that develop, starts to lay
down collagen; become
trapped and become
osteoblasts.

2- Osteoblasts: bone-
forming cells. Lay down
more collagen,
mineralization process
starts.

3- Osteocytes: mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts trapped within the
extracellular matrix. Maintain bone tissue. Involved in exchange of nutrients
and wastes. Have gap junctions.
(Bone CT=ECM (mineralised)+ cells)

4-Osteoclasts:
* Large,
* Multinucleated cells
* Formed from the fusion of blood
monocytes
* Break-down bone

72
Q

The Structure of Osteons (Haversian Systems

A

The basic unit of compact bone is the osteon, with four parts:
1. Lamellae:
2. Lacunae:
3. Canaliculi:
4. Central (Haversian) canal
Osteons are aligned along lines of stress (e.g. long axis of bone
shaft).

73
Q

Osteon Structure

  1. Lamellae:
A

concentric rings of mineral salts for hardness (e.g.
calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide, which together
form hydroxyapatite) and collagen (for tensile strength).

74
Q

Osteon Structure

  1. Lacunae:
A

small spaces between lamellae
that contain mature bone cells (osteocytes)

75
Q

Osteon Structure

  1. Canaliculi:
A

“minute canals” (containing EC fluid and
minute osteocytic processes) that radiate from lacunae
and provide routes for oxygen, nutrients and waste.

76
Q

Osteon Structure
4. Central (Haversian) canal:

A

blood, lymph and nerves

77
Q

Osteoclasts reabsorb…

A

dead bone

78
Q

Chondroblasts lay down…

A

hyaline
cartilage callus

79
Q

Osteoblasts lay down ..

A

new bone

80
Q

Osteoclasts remodel..

A

new bone

81
Q

Blood CT

A

Consists of blood plasma (a liquid extracellular matrix)
and formed elements (red cells, white cells and platelets)

82
Q

Erythrocytes transport …

A

oxygen & carbon dioxide

83
Q

Leukocytes combat disease:

A

Neutrophils and monocytes (macrophages) are
phagocytic, engulfing bacteria.
ii. Basophils (mobile) and Mast cells (immature
circulate; mature are fixed in tissues), release
substances (e.g. histamine) that intensify the
inflammatory reaction.
iii. Eosinophils are effective against certain parasitic
worms and in acute allergic response .
iv. Lymphocytes are involved in the immune
response.
Platelets (from megakaryocytes in red marrow): clotting

84
Q

what is AGGRECAN

A

(protein +chondrotion suplahte (GAGS) + kertatan sulpahte (GAGS) when associated with hyalourinc acid are improtant components of HYALINE cartalige (end of bones, ribs, nose, laranyx, & trachea etc.

Cells & Tissues (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions