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Biology > Organisation of Living Things > Flashcards

Organisation of Living Things Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a unicellular organism?

A
  • single cell
  • usually prokaryotic
  • division of labour by organelles
  • directly exposed to ext. environment
  • short lifespan
  • microscopic
  • fast reproductive rate
  • asexual reproduction
  • injury = cell death
  • usually uses phagocytosis for nutrients
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2
Q

What is a multicellular organism?

A
  • made of many cells
  • divison of labour - specialised cells
  • mostly eukaryotic
  • less exposed to ext. - specialised cells for exposure
  • long lifespan
  • large size
  • slow reproductive rate
  • sexual reproduction
  • can repair/replace cells
  • uses heterotrophic/autotrophic methods for nutrients
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3
Q

What is a colonial organism?

A
  • single cells working together
  • division of labour - in a colony and on its own
  • usually prokaryotic
  • less exposed to ext. env.
  • long lifespan
  • large size
  • intermediate reproductive rate
  • asexual & sexual reproduction
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3
Q

What is tissue?

A

group of cells of similar structure working together to perform the same function

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4
Q

What is an organ?

A

made from different tissues working together to perform specific functions

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5
Q

What is an organ system?

A

groups of organs with related functions working together to perform body functions

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6
Q

What are 4 types of tissue in animals?

A
  • connective (cartilage)
  • epithelial (skin, cheek lining, nasal lining)
  • muscle
  • nervous (brain, nerves)
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7
Q

What is an adaptation of the palisade mesophyll?

A
  • lots of chloroplasts around edge - gases & light don’t have to travel as far
  • more photosynthesis
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8
Q

What is an adaptation of the spongy mesophyll layer?

A
  • air spaces
  • gases can be exchanged & transported freely
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9
Q

What is an adaptation of the upper epidermis?

A
  • transparent upper layer
  • allows light to pass through
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10
Q

What is an adaptation of guard cells?

A
  • close up when flacid (less water in vacuole) to prevent water loss
  • open up when turgid (full vacuole) to allow gases to diffuse
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11
Q

What are adaptations of the root hair cell?

A
  • thin
  • permeable
  • high SA
  • lots of mitochondria for ATP for active transport
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12
Q

How do root hair cells uptake nutrients from the soil?

A
  • use ATP for active transport of minerals
  • water moves in through osmosis
  • oxygen diffuses into cell
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13
Q

What are adaptations of the leaf?

A
  • wide & large SA for more sunlight
  • thin so gases reach cells easily
  • veins - carry water to cells & glucose away from cells, support leaves
  • stomata - gases move in & out
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14
Q

Where is this vascular bundle?

A

Root

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15
Q

Where is this vascular bundle?

A

Stem

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16
Q

Where is this vascular bundle?

A

Leaf

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17
Q

What is an adaptation of the root vascular bundle?

A

lignin in centre xylem provides support for root as it pushes through soil

18
Q

What is an adaptation of the stem vascular bundle?

A

Xylem is on the inside to provide structure (lignin)

19
Q

What are the differences between xylem and phloem?

A

Xylem
* water
* upwards only
* non-living cells
* lignin support in cell walls

Phloem
* sugars
* upwards and downards
* living tissue
* sieve tube elements
* companion cell

20
Q

What are some limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A
  • light intensity (plateaus at max point)
  • CO₂ conc. (plateaus at max point)
  • temperature (reaches optimal point then decr.)
21
Q

What is a source?

A

Location of uptake of sugars

22
Q

What is a sink?

A

Location where sugar is deposited

23
Q

How does the compositon of the transport medium change as it moves around a plant?

A
  1. sucrose from source → companion cell → phloem
  2. water from root → xylem
  3. water in xylem → top of phloem where source is
  4. sugar and water in phloem moves up and down to companion cell to sink
  5. excess water in phloem back to xylem
24
Q

How is water transported from the root to the leaf?

A
  • water from root → xylem → leaf transpiration stream
  • water shortage from evaporation in leaf pulls up water
  • cohesion by hydrogen bonding - water moves in a ‘chain’
  • adhedes to xylem wall - helps water rise, gravity doesn’t pull down
25
Q

How is water lost from the leaf?

A
  • transpiration
  • water evaporates from cell surfaces in leaf
  • diffuses out via stomata as water vapour
26
Q

What are some factors affecting transpiration rate?

A
  • light intensity (more = faster)
  • temperature (hotter = faster)
  • wind (windier = faster)
  • humidity (dryer = faster)
27
Q

What are 4 types of animals and their gas exchange system?

A
  • insect - tracheal system
  • amphibian - skin/lungs/gills
  • fish - countercurrent exchange via gills
  • mammals - lungs
28
Q

What are adaptations present in gas exchange surfaces?

A
  • thin - gases travel shorter distance
  • permeable - substances can easily pass
  • highly vascularised - good blood supply to collect O₂
  • maintain conc. grad. - O₂ and CO₂ can diffuse down gradient (max diffusion rate)
  • large SA - highly branched & folded for inc. diffusion rate
  • moist - gases need to dissolve into fluid to cross membrane
  • temperature - diffusion is faster in warm conditions
29
Q

Describe mammalian gas exchange

A
  • diaphragm changes pressure in chest
  • breathe in air
  • intercostal muscles expand
  • oxygen diffuses into capillaries from alveoli
  • CO₂ diffuses into alveoli from capillaries
  • CO₂ breathed out
30
Q

How do alevoli carry out gas exchange effectively?

A
  • capillaries and alveolus are one cell thick - very thin & permeable = fast diffusion
  • deoxygenated blood from heart constantly flowing past to become oxygenated
  • constantly maintains conc. grad. - blood is always moving
31
Q

Describe the tracheal system

A
  • valves open spiracles
  • air enters spiracles
  • bristles filter air
  • air enters trachea to tracheoles
  • air sacs are constantly using O₂ to produce CO₂ to keep conc. grad.
  • tidal
32
Q

Describe counter-current exchange

A
  • water enters mouth of fish
  • water moves through gills
  • water passes next to oxygenated blood first
  • water passes next to deoxygenated blood last
  • O₂ levels in blood and water move from high to low - maintains conc. gradient
  • constant
33
Q

What is an open system?

A
  • Haemolymph free to float through tissues
  • simple heart
34
Q

What is a closed system?

A
  • blood stays in blood vessels
  • kept moving by heart
35
Q

Compare arteries, veins, and capillaries

A

Arteries
* thick wall
* carry blood away from heart
* elastic walls
* narrow lumen
* no valves
* very high pressure

Veins
* thin wall
* carry blood towards heart
* less elastic walls
* large lumen
* valves
* very low pressure

Capillaries
* very thin (one cell thick)
* inelastic walls
* very narrow lumen
* no valves
* low pressue

36
Q

Outline the 5 major stages of digestion

A
  1. Ingestion (mouth) - taking food into body
  2. Digestion (mouth & stomach) - breaking food into smaller molecules physically & chemically
  3. Absorption (small intestine)) - digested food absorbed into blood
  4. Assimilation (cells) - use of digested & absorbed food materials for cell respiration/processes
  5. Egestion (rectum) - removal of undigested food from body
37
Q

What is the difference between chemical and physical digestion?

A
  • physical - mechanical, change in appearance or location, no new substance
  • chemical - new substance, change in property
38
Q

Where is most water absorbed in the digestive system?

A

small intestine

39
Q

What is the order in which food passes through the digestive system?

A
  1. mouth
  2. oesophagus
  3. stomach
  4. small intestine
  5. large intestine
  6. rectum
  7. anus
40
Q

What does the liver do?

A
  • produces bile
  • bile breaks big fat globules into smaller globules by physical digestion
41
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

stores bile

42
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A
  • makes enzyme ‘soup’
  • enzymes break down large food molecules into smaller molecules
  • small molecules can be absorbed into blood
43
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for absorption?

A
  • villi & microvilli for higher SA
  • lots of mitochondrion for ATP for active transport
  • contains capillary bed for faster absorption
  • villi has lacteal for fats to move into

Biology (4 decks)

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