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Cells as the Basis of Life Flashcards

Year 11 Module 1

1
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotes:
* small
* simple structure
* no membrane-bound organelles
* no nuclear membrane
* have plasmids (small accesory chromosomes)
* nucleoid region - circular DNA
* often have a capsule
* often have flagella or pili
* cannot be multicellular

Eukaryotes:
* cellular membrane & cytoplasm
* nucleus containing linear DNA
* membrane-bound organelles and vesicles
* larger
* complex stucture
* can be unicellular or multicellular

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2
Q

What kingdom is prokaryotic?

A

monera (bacteria)

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3
Q

What kingdoms are eukaryotic?

A
  • plants
  • animals
  • fungi
  • protists
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4
Q

Why are plasma membranes fluid?

A

they can move/flow due to phospholipid stucture and lipid bilayer

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5
Q

What is the structure of phospholipids?

A

Hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tail

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6
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated phospholipids?

A

Unsaturated lipids have a ‘kink’ in the tail and cannot stack neatly together so they are more fluid

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7
Q

What is the function of a plasma membrane?

A
  • keeps cell separate from outside
  • selectively permeable - controls what goes in & out of cell
  • cell-cell and cell-external communication
  • stuctural support
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8
Q

What are some adaptations of plasma membranes?

A
  • strong for support, but flexible to allow growth & movement
  • self-sealing so cell can divide without bursting
  • antigens on surface to recognise other cells
  • receptor sites for hormones & neurotransmitters
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9
Q

What are carrier proteins in the plasma membrane?

A

proteins that bind to specific molecules to transport them across the membrane

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10
Q

What are channel proteins in the plasma membrane?

A

proteins that act as a pore through which molecules can diffuse into the membrane

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11
Q

Which molecules can diffuse through the plasma membrane on their own?

A
  • hydrophobic molecules
  • small uncharged molecules (oxygen and CO2)
  • small polar molecules (water)
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12
Q

Which molecules can diffuse through the membrane via channel proteins?

A
  • charged or large molecules
  • small ions
  • water
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13
Q

Which molecules must be transported across the membrane via carrier proteins?

A
  • sugars
  • amino acids
  • nucleosides
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14
Q

What does cholesterol do in the plasma membrane?

A

regulates fluidity, thickness, water penetration, and structure of lipid bilayer

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15
Q

What do carbohydrate chains do in the plasma membrane?

A
  • cell binding
  • hormone reception
  • nutrient breakdown
  • cell recognition
  • cell communication
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16
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

produces cell energy via cell respiration

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17
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

contain chlorophyll which convert sunlight energy into glucose by photosynthesis

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18
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

A
  • covered in ribosomes that produce proteins
  • transports proteins after production
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19
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

A
  • depends on type of cell
  • can include producing lipids and hormones
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20
Q

What does the golgi body do?

A

stack of membrane-bound vesicles that package proteins and other molecules for transport

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21
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A
  • contain enzymes to aid digestion
  • produce enzymes involved in immune response
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22
Q

What does the vacuole do?

A
  • store nutrients and waste
  • collect water to provide rigidity in plants
  • larger in plants than animals
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23
Q

What does the ribosome do?

A
  • contains RNA and proteins
  • makes proteins
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24
Q

What is passive transport?

A

the movement of particles without the need for added energy (ATP)

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25
What is diffusion?
* form of passive transport * movement of molecules/particles from high conc. to low conc. until equal * through a permeable membrane
26
What is facilitated diffusion?
* form of passive transport * "assisted" diffusion * relies on channel proteins & carrier proteins * for charged or large molecules
27
What is osmosis?
* form of passive transport * movement of water from high potential (ψ) to low ψ
28
What are the three types of solutions?
* Isotonic - both solutions are the same conc. of dissolved substances * Hypotonic - a solution with lower conc. of dissolved substance * Hypertonic - a solution with higher conc. of dissolved substance
29
What can affect the rate of diffusion?
* size of particles (smaller = faster) * temperature (warmer = faster (more kinetic energy)) * concenration gradient (higher = faster) * state of particles (gas>liquid>solid) * distance - thickness of exchange surface (thinner = faster) * surface area (larger = faster)
30
What is active transport?
uses energy (ATP) to transport molecules against conc. gradient
31
What is endocytosis?
* form of active transport * tranport of macromolecules & large particles into the cell * part of membrane engulfs particle & folds inward to 'bud off'
32
What are two types of endocytosis?
* Pinocytosis - liquid * Phagocytosis - solid
33
What is exocytosis?
* form of active transport * transports wastes and bulk substance out of cell * expells waste * transports molecules that are too large to pass through membrane
34
What are vesicles?
little membrane-bound parcels created by cells to pinch off substances
35
What are vesicles made from?
phospholipids and membrane
36
What parts of a cell can make vesicles?
* cell membrane * golgi body * endoplasmic reticulum
37
What is the role of vesicles?
endo & exocytosis
38
How does surface area to volume ratio affect exchange of materials across membranes?
higher SA and less volume = faster exchange
39
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
6CO₂ + 6H₂O →(sunlight and chlorophyll)→ C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ | Sunlight and chlorophyll would be written above/below the arrow
40
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
Water + Carbon Dioxide →(sunlight and chlorophyll)→ Glucose + Oxygen | Sunlight and chlorophyll would be written above/below the arrow
41
What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
42
What is the word equation for cellular respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen → Water + Carbon Dioxide + Energy
43
Outline the steps of photosynthesis
Photolysis (light-dependant) - Granum * light splits water into oxygen and H ions * oxygen diffuses out * NADPH transports H ions to stroma Calvin Cycle (light-independant) - Stroma * Carbon-fixation * CO₂ and H ions form glucose using ATP * glucose goes to mitochondria
44
Outline the steps of cellular respiration
Glycolysis * O₂ diffuses into cell * glucose gets into cell by active transport and facilitated diffusion * glucose is split into pyruvate Krebs Cycle * series of reactions * CO₂ waste diffuses out of cell into blood * H ions are carried to ETC by NADH Electron Transport Chain * H ions move into cristae * H ions go through ATP-synthase * ATP is produced * H combines with O * H₂O diffuses out of cell
45
What affects the rate of photosynthesis?
* Light intensity (reaches max point) * CO₂ concentration (reaches max point) * Temperature (reaches optimal point & then decreases)
46
How do eukaryotic cells remove wastes?
* Exocytosis * temporarily transform waste into diff molecule that won't diffuse back
47
What are 4 ways the body uses ATP?
* synthesis of new molecules * mitosis * muscle movement * thermoregulation
48
Describe the anaerobic respiration in cellular respiration
* oxygen not req. * Glycolysis & fermentation * occurs in cytoplasm * pyruvate isn't completely oxidised * 2 metabolic pathways - alcoholic ferm. or lactic acid ferm. * produces 2 ATP per glucose
49
Describe the aerobic respiration involved in cellular respiration
* oxygen req. * glycolysis - cytoplasm * krebs cycle - mitochondrial matrix * electron transport chain - cristae * pyruvate is completely oxidised * follows one metabolic pathway * produces up to 32 ATP per glucose * produces CO₂ and H₂O
50
Why would a cell have lots of mitochondria?
to produce more ATP for active transport
51
What is this?
mitochondrion
52
What are the small dots?
ribosomes
53
What are light microscopes?
* use light through series of lenses * resolution limited by light wavelength * specimens must be thin & mostly transparent * can view living tissue/organisms * produces coloured images
54
What is the difference between magnification and resolution?
* magnification - number of times larger an object appears * resolution - amount of clarity that is possible
55
What are electron microscopes?
* SEM (scanning electron microscope) * TEM (transmission electron microscope) * use short wavelength of electrons for higher resolution * use beam of electrons * specimen must be dead/non living
56
Describe a SEM
* scans surface of objects * produces 3D images * specimen must be in a vacuum and coated with carbon or gold * B&W * electromagnetic lenses
57
Describe a TEM
* looks through a specimen * magnetic lenses * achieves highest magnification & resolution * specimen must be very thin coated with heavy metal * B&W
58
What is an enzyme?
* biological catalyst * speeds up reactions without being changed/used up
59
What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?
* Catabolism - degradation of molecule into smaller units * Anabolism - synthesis of smaller units into molecule
60
What does enzyme denaturing mean?
* alteration of active site leading to loss of function * breaks bonds in active site changing structure
61
What affects enzyme activity?
* pH level * temperature
62
Why do mitochondrion have a highly folded internal structure?
to increase surface area and ∴ increase rate of reactions

Biology (8 decks)

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