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year 11 atar biology > Organisation of Living Things > Flashcards

Organisation of Living Things Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

When is anaerobic respiration used?

A

When there is not enough oxygen

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2
Q

State the equation for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose -> Lactic acid + energy

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3
Q

Describe the path air takes when entering your body

A

Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli

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4
Q

Describe what happens to your body when you breathe in

A

Intercostal muscles contract pulling rib cage up
Diaphragm contracts flattening out
Thorax volume increases
Pressure decreases (Now lower than pressure outside which draws air in)

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5
Q

Describe what happens to your body when you breathe out

A

Intercostal muscles relax which moves ribcage down
Diaphragm relaxes and becomes domed again
Thorax volume decreases
Pressure increases which makes air leave the lungs

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6
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process of releasing energy from the breakdown of glucose

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7
Q

State the symbol and word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) → 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O + Energy

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8
Q

What is the circulatory system made of?

A

Heart, blood vessels, blood

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9
Q

What does the first circulatory system do?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen. The blood then returns to the heart

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10
Q

What does the seconds circulatory system do?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to all organs. The deoxygenated blood then returns to the heart to be pumped to the lungs again

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11
Q

Why does the heart have valves?

A

To prevent backflow

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessel?

A

Artery, vein, capillaries

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13
Q

Where do arteries carry the blood?

A

Away from the heart

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14
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Involved in the exchange of materials in the organs and tissues

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15
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Carry blood back to the heart

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16
Q

How do platelets help blood clot?

A

Fibrinogen changes into fibrin. These insoluble fibers tangle together to form a mesh trapping RBCs and platelets

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17
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Loss of water vapor from the aerial parts of the plant

especially leaves

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18
Q

What are the two transport systems in plants?

A
  1. Xylem

2. Phloem

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19
Q

What is the main function of xylem tissue?

A

To transport water and mineral ions from roots to the stem and leaves.

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20
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

The movement of water from the roots through the xylem and out of the leaves.

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21
Q

What is the main function of phloem?

A

To carry dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant, including the growing regions and the storage organs.

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22
Q

In which chamber does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?

A

Right atria

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23
Q

What are the two circulatory systems for?

A

1) Carrying oxygenated blood to the organ

2) carrying deoxygenated blood back to the lungs

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24
Q

What are the four main parts of the heart?

A

Right and left atrium, right and left ventricle

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25
Q

What does haemoglobin react with oxygen to make?

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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26
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Change shape to Engulf pathogens, they produce anti-bodies and anti-toxins.

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27
Q

What is plasma?

A

A liquid that carries everything in the blood.

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28
Q

What three cells do plants have As well as the normal? What do they do?

A

Cell wall (made of cellulose, strengthens), vacuole (contains glucose), chloroplast (photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll)

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29
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The moving of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

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30
Q

What 5 things do both humans and plant cells have? What do they do?

A

Nucleus (contains genetics, controls cell), cytoplasm (chemical reactions happen), cell membrane (controls what goes in and out), mitochondria (respiration), ribosomes (protein is formed)

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31
Q

What are the 6 things that need to be controlled for homeostatsis?

A

1) temperature
2) water control
3) ion content
4) blood sugar
5) CO2
6) urea

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32
Q

What controls the homeostasis? Where is it found?

A

The thermoregulatory centre, in the brain

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33
Q

How are red blood cells specialised for their job?

A

They have a bi-concave shape for surface area, they contain the red pigment haemoglobin to absorb oxygen and they have no nucleus.

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34
Q

What are the 3 tissues that cells are organised into? What do they do?

A

Glandular tissue (secretes digestive chemicals), muscular tissue (contracts in order to move), epithelial tissue (lines the inside and outside of the gut)

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35
Q

What do guard cells do?

A

Open and close the stomata to allow for gas and solute exchange

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36
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Change shape to Engulf pathogens, they produce anti-bodies and anti-toxins.

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37
Q

What are stents?

A

Small plastic tubes to keep arteries open

38
Q

What is aerobic respiration? and what is anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic: using oxygen
Anaerobic: not

39
Q

Where does aerobic respiration happen?

A

Mitochondria

40
Q

Write the equation for aerobic respiration.

A

Glucose + Oxygen ——-> CO2 + Water + Energy

41
Q

What can glucose be stored as in the liver?

A

Glycogen

42
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The splitting of cells from a new identical cell

43
Q

When is mitosis used?

A

Asexual reproduction

44
Q

What happens in each of the 4 stages?

A

1) duplicates the DNA to make 46 pairs.
2) the chromosomes line up and are pulled apart by cell fibres.
3) split chromosomes turn into new nuclei
4) cytoplasm splits creating two new cells.

45
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Produces cells with only half the original amount of chromosomes.

46
Q

Name the 4 steps in meiosis?

A

1) it duplicates it’s DNA, so it has 46 chromosomes.
2) the pairs are pulled apart so the new cells only have 23 chromosomes.
3) both pairs of chromosomes are pulled apart again to create 4 gametes.

47
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of particles from an area of low concentration to high

48
Q

Where is an exchange surface on a plant? What does it have to let water in and out?

A

The underside of a leaf.

Stomata

49
Q

What is the thorax? What is the abdomen?

A

Thorax: above the diaphragm
Abdomen: below the diaphragm

50
Q

Describe each part of your breathing system?

A

The air goes through your TRACHIA, this splits into two BRONCHI which go into each lung, these split into BRONCHIOLES which end with small sacks called ALVEOLI (exchange surface)

51
Q

What happens when you inhale?

A

Your costal muscles and diaphragm contract, the thorax volume increases creating less pressure, this is ventilation.

52
Q

What happens in an artificial ventilator like the iron lung?

A

The pressure drops so lungs automatically expand and then the opposite happens.

53
Q

What does digested food diffuse through from the gut to the blood?

A

Villi

54
Q

Name 3 ways the villi are adapted for food diffusion?

A

Large surface area, good blood supply, only 1 layer of surface cells

55
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of high water concentration to low.

56
Q

Unicellular

A

A unicellular organism concats of one cell
-Preform all the survival processes themselves
-All prokaryotes are unicellular
E.g: E.Coli, Salmonella

57
Q

Colonial

A

A colonial orgainsism consists of a group of unicellular organisms living together

  • All cells are capable of surviving individually
  • However, its better for survival if they live as a group
  • E.g: Bluebottle
58
Q

Multicellular

A 
A. multicellular organisms consist of more than one cell 
cells: 
Are specialised 
Cant survive by themselves 
Communicate 
All have the same DNA. 
E.g: animals and plants
59
Q

Leaf structure

A

Epidermis - Cuticle - stomata- mesophyll - vascular bundles

60
Q

Root structure

A

Epidermis - cortex. - vascular bundles

61
Q

Gas exchange in plants

A

The main gases are carbon dioxide and oxygen which the plant needs to preform photosynthesis and respiration
In plants the main site of gas exchange are the stomata, there the guard cells open and close the stomata, by changing the amount of water they have inside
-Turgid (full of water) stomate is open
-Faccid (low in water) : stomata is closed
When the gases have diffused through the stoma they can move to the spongy mesophyll and diffuse through the cells. Water vapour evaporate out. of the plant. through the stoma (adaptations include thick, waxy cuticle, closing. the stomata, having the stomata on the underside of the leaf and rolling the leaves up.

62
Q

Gas exchange in animals

Features of efficient multicellular respiratory surfaces

A

O2 and CO2 are the main gases involved in gas exchange
They move by. diffusion
Efficient respiratory surfaces have: large surface area, thin, most and easily penetrable, adequate ventilation and efficient. removal via carrier fluid

63
Q

The human respiratory system

A

Nasal cavity - pharynx - Tranchea - bronchi, Broncholes, Alveoli (main site of gas exchange)

64
Q

Function of the digestive system

A

Responsible for breaking large food molecules into smaller ones, so. that they can. be absorbed and sent to be used by cells all over the body

65
Q

Physical digestion

A

Involves breaking food into smaller pieces, without chemically changing them
It involves teeth chewing food in the mouth, and the stomach muscles churning the food in the stomach

66
Q

Chemical digestion

A

involves chemically changing large, complex molecules into simple nutrients so that they can pass through a cell membrane and be used. by cells. It involves digestive enzymes e.g: Amylase which breaks down starch

67
Q

what is the human digestive system composed of?

A

Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
and associated organs such as the silvery glands, liver , gallbladder and pancreases that release enzymes and other chemicals into the digestive tract

68
Q

Transpiration cohesion tension

A

Vascular tissue: Xylem
Substances involved: water and minerals (inorganic molecules)
Processes involved: transpiration, adhesion, cohesion and root pressure
Type of transport: passive transport only (no energy)
Direction of transport: roots to leaves

69
Q

Source-to-sink

A

Vascular tissue: Phloem
Substances involved: sugar and other organic molecules
Processes involved: Plant pumps sugar into phloem, water moves into phloem, sap flows to sink
Type of transport: passive and active transport (requires energy)
Direction of transport: any direction (usually leaves to roots)

70
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Have a ‘heart’ but no blood vessels

When the heart contracts, it forces haemolymph directly into the blood cavity (found in insects)

71
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Blood is enclosed in a system of vessels

When the heart contracts, it forces blood into the blood vessels (found in fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals

72
Q

Heart

A

Atria receive blood
ventricles expel blood
valves prevent blood back-flow

73
Q

Blood vessels

A

Arteries transport blood away form heart
Veins transport blood to the heart
Capillaries carry blood in. between arteries and veins; location of gas exchange

74
Q

Plasma

A

Makes up 55% of blood
Straw-colouried liquid mainly made out of water
suspends other components of blood

75
Q

Red blood cells

A 
make sup 45% of blood 
Bi-concave, disk-shaped cells 
No nucleus 
Have haemoglobin 
transport oxygen
76
Q

White blood cells

A

Large nucleus

fight infections

77
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragments

Blood clotting

78
Q

circulation pathways

A

Pulmonary: transport blood to and from the lungs
Systemic: transport blood to and from the body

79
Q

Types of gas exchange

A

External: change of gases between alveoli and capillaries
Internal: exchange of gases between capillaries and body cells

80
Q

Compare the processes of active and passive transpoet across a cell membrane.

A

Both processes move substances into or out of a cell by passage through the membrane’s phospholipid bilayer. The difference is if the process requires energy or not, and if it takes place through specialised openings controlled by proteins or with vesicles. Active transport requires an input of energy, whereas passive does not.
Examples:
• Water moves by the passive process called osmosis along a concentration gradient from high to low water concentration until the concentration at each side of the cell membrane is the same.
• Calcium ions require energy to move them through the membrane in an active process. Both exocytosis and endocytosis are active transport processes requiring energy to move vesicles of fluids or large protein molecules across cell membranes.

81
Q

Describe the role of chloroplats in fixation of chemical energy

A

Chloroplasts are the organelles in green plant cells that are the site of the photosynthesis reaction. Light energy (usually sunlight) is captured by chloroplasts and converted in a series of biochemical steps into chemical energy stored in the form of glucose molecules. The glucose molecules are used as the source of chemical energy for the cellular respiration reaction that is universal to nearly all living cells. In the chloroplasts, the grana stacks hold chlorophyll pigment that captures solar energy to make ATP and split H2O molecules (light reaction). Then, in the liquid stroma of the chloroplasts, light-independent reactions use these products and CO2 to fix chemical energy into glucose molecules.

82
Q

Explain how the Xylem works

A

It carries water with dissolved minerals upwards (against gravity) from the roots to all parts of the plant above ground, especially the leaves. The process is known as the transpiration-cohesion-tension theory. It works by water molecules cohering (sticking) together due to their polarity and some adhesion to the inner walls of xylem pulling water up. When water evaporates from open stomata in the leaves, a transpiration stream is created that draws more water up.

83
Q

Unicellular

A

Always lives as a single cell
All life functions are carried out within the one cell
Prokaryotes (bacteria) and protist eukaryotes (amoeba)

84
Q

Colonial

A

Lives as group of undifferentiated cells
The group of individual cells may work together to increase survival and reproduction chances. Each cell can still function independently
Volvox, Portuguese man-of-war

85
Q

multicellular

A

Many specialised cells working together in coordinated ways
Cells depend on each other to supply different needs and for life functions, e.g. muscle cells for movement, red blood cells to carry oxygen
Vertebrates, e.g. lizards, dogs Vascular plants, e.g. gum tree

86
Q

Impact of Ph on humans

A

Lower pH indicates more acidity. Even a slight decrease in pH caused by retention of CO2 can have a major impact on health. The normal blood pH for humans is tightly maintained at 7.4. A decrease to 7.3 can lead to acidosis disorders like headaches, fatigue, breathlessness and inhibition of enzyme action. Enzymes require specific pH environments to function and a change to pH can lead to, for example, a decrease in cellular respiration and production of cellular energy.

87
Q

How does gas exchange in mammals control carbon dioxide levels

A

CO2 is carried mainly in the blood plasma of a mammal after collection from respiring cells. It travels to the alveoli of the lungs where it rapidly diffuses out of the capillaries into the air sacs and is breathed out. The continual blood flow plus removal of gas from the lungs maintains a rapid rate of gas exchange so that CO2 is usually cleared before it builds up and acidifies the blood. Haemoglobin (Hb) changes its affinity for O2 in the presence of CO2 to accommodate release of oxygen where it is needed in the tissues and to increase pick-up of oxygen at the lungs. This is known as the Bohr effect.

88
Q

What is an animal examples of a closed transport system

A

insects

89
Q

What is an animal examples of a open transport system

A

vertebrates

90
Q

How available oxygen is transported around the human body

A

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli of the lungs into the blood and is captured by haemoglobin on the red blood cells. The blood circulates in the body as it is pumped by the heart and oxygen is released from the red blood cells to move into body tissue cells where it becomes part of the cellular respiration reaction in mitochondria. As the blood travels, gas exchange occurs with oxygen being used up and carbon dioxide produced. Concentrations of the two gases vary depending on distance from the lungs and how demanding tissues are for oxygen. Normally blood is highest in oxygen as it leaves the lungs and lowest when it returns to the heart ready to be pumped to the lungs again.

year 11 atar biology (19 decks)

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