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Year 11 ATAR BIOLOGY > Ch. 2 The Chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

Ch. 2 The Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

What is heat?

A

It is the energy due to movement of molecules in a body of matter. Most random form of energy.

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2
Q

What is an electron?

A

A sub-atomic particle that circles an atom’s nucleus. Has a negative charge.
Determines how atoms will behave around other atoms. The farther from the nucleus, the more energy.

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3
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

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4
Q

What is an ion?

A

It is a charged atom or molecule. Has gained/lost one or more electrons thus acquiring an electrical charge.

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5
Q

What is acid precipitation?

A

It is caused by pollutants that combine with water in the air. Results from sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxide (fossil fuels).

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6
Q

What is matter?

A

It is anything that occupies space and has mass. Composed of chemical elements.

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7
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Formed by two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. Major players for living organisms in terms of communication and immunization.

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8
Q

What are found in the nucleus of an atom?

A

Neutrons and protons

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9
Q

What responsible for surface tension?

A

Cohesion

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10
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Varient forms of an element with different numbers of neutrons.

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11
Q

What is cohesion?

A

The tendency of water molecules to stick together. It is an attraction between molecules of the same kind.

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12
Q

What is a neutron?

A

A sub-atomic particle with no electrical charge.

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13
Q

What is temperature?

A

It measures the intensity of heat.

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14
Q

In this bond the electrons are shared unequally.

A

Polar covalent bond

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15
Q

How many natural occurring elements are there?

A

92

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16
Q

What is a compound?

A

It contains two or more elements in a fixed ratio. Common. Nature usually has 2 elements. Living organisms usually have 3 to 4.

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17
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

Weak bonds between water molecules. Slightly positive and negative charge exists between different molecules to form a weak bond.

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18
Q

What is an acid?

A

It donates H+ ions to solutions. Increases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. Burns.

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19
Q

What is covalent bond?

A

A bond formed when two atoms share electrons of the outer shell.

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20
Q

What is a proton?

A

A positively charged particle from the nucleus of an atom.

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21
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The dissolving agent in a solution.

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22
Q

What is a solution?

A

A liquide containing a homogeneous mixture of substances.

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23
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

A bond formed when two ions of opposite charges attract each other. Electrical attraction is what holds the ions together. Due to transfer of elections.

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24
Q

What is a solute?

A

The substance dissolved in a solution.

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25
Q

What is a base?

A

It accepts H+ ions and removes them from the solution. A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. Dissolves.
- Alkali

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26
Q

What is a chemical element?

A

A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means.

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27
Q

How many natural elements are there? And how many are essential to life?

A

92 natural elements and 25 essential to life.

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28
Q

What elements make up 96% of the human body?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

29
Q

What is a trace element?

A

An element that is essential for the survival of an organism but only in minute quantities

30
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

An atom’s core containing protons and neutrons. Electrons will orbit due to attraction.

31
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons in an atom of an element

32
Q

Mass Number

A

The sum of the # of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus

33
Q

Atomic Weight

A

Approximate total mass of an atom

34
Q

Isotope

A

Variant form of an atom; same # of protons but different number of neutrons. Doesn’t effect chemical properties but physical properties.

35
Q

Radioactive isotope

A

Isotope whose nucleus decays spontaneously; giving off energy/particles

36
Q

What are radioactive isotopes used for?

A

To trace and monitor molecules thru the chemical changes.

37
Q

Electron shells

A

An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.
- outermost shell determines chemical properties (full tend not to react)

38
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

An attraction between 2+ atoms resulting from a sharing of outer shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on atoms. Electronegativity is the glue.

39
Q

What are 3 ways to show covalent bonds?

A

1) Molecular
2) Electron configuration
3) Structural

40
Q

What is a double bond?

A

Type of covalent bond with 2 atoms that share 2 pairs of electrons

41
Q

Electronegativity

A

The tendency for an atom to pull electrons toward itself.

42
Q

Non-polar covalent bond

A

An attraction between atoms that share 1+ pairs of electrons equally because atoms have similar electronegativity

43
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

Attraction between atoms that share electrons unequally because atoms differ in electronegativity; partial negative, partial positive

44
Q

Polar Molecule

A

A molecule containing a polar covalent bond

45
Q

What is the key to water molecules ability to interact?

A

Polarity

46
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Type of weak chemical bond formed when the partially positive hydrogen atom participating in a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the partially negative atom participating in a polar covalent bond in another

47
Q

Surface tension

A

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch/break surface of liquid

48
Q

pH Scale

A

Relative acidity of a solution (0 to 14). Measures the H+ and OH- concentration.
- potential hydrogen

49
Q

Buffer

A

Chemical substance that resists changes in pH by accepting/donating H+ ion. Stabilizes.

50
Q

Chemical reaction

A

A process leading to chemical changes in matter; involves making and break bonds

51
Q

Reactants

A

Starting material of chemical reactions

52
Q

Products

A

End result of chemical reactions

53
Q

Do chemical reactions create/destroy matter?

A

No. Only rearranges.

54
Q

What is chemistry?

A

The study of matter.

55
Q

Electron cloud

A

Orbiting electrons surrounding nucleus. Stays due to attraction.

56
Q

What are valance electrons?

A

Outermost electrons that vary in energy. The close the less energy. The father the more energy. In the first shell, 2 electrons. In the second and so forth, 8 electrons.

57
Q

Why are noble gases non-reactive?

A

They have complete electron sets.

58
Q

Period Law

A

Chemical properties tend to occur periodically thru out the periodic table. Columns have same # of valance electrons and properties.

59
Q

3 types of chemical bonds

A

1) Ionic
2) Covalent
3) Hydrogen

60
Q

Why does water have the properties that it does?

A

Polarity and hydrogen bonding.

61
Q

High Heat Capacity

A

Large amounts of energy can be added/subtracted without affecting temperature significantly.

62
Q

What are the properties of water?

A

1) Cohesion
2) Thermal Properties
3) High Heat of Vaporization
4) Evaporative Cooling
5) Density
6) Versatile Solvent

63
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Doesn’t break down in water

64
Q

Ionization

A

Formation of ions

65
Q

What is the ionization of water?

A

H2O -> H+ + OH-

66
Q

What are examples of neutral solutions?

A

Distilled water and bodily fluids

67
Q

2 types of chemical reactions

A

1) Exothermic

2) Endothermic

68
Q

Exothermic

A

External heat. Broken bonds and energy released.

69
Q

Endothermic

A

Internal Heat. Bonds formed and energy absorbed.

Year 11 ATAR BIOLOGY (19 decks)

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