Organisation of cells in tissues and organs

Question 1

Name the three major salivary glands, and what they secrete.

Answer 1

• Parotid gland, mainly serous (Water) secreting
• Sublingual gland, mainly Mucous secreting
• Submandibular gland, Secretes a mixture of both.

Question 2

Name the 4 layers of the digestive tract. (From lumen outwards)

Answer 2

• Mucosa
• Submucosa
• Muscularis externa
• Serosa or adventitia

Question 3

Name and describe the three layers of mucosa.

Answer 3

• Epithelium: Sits on basal lamina
• Lamina Propria: Loose connective tissue
• Muscularis mucosae: Thin layer of smooth muscle.

Question 4

Describe the submucosa

Answer 4

Loose connective tissue

Question 5

Describe the muscularis externa.

Answer 5

Two thick layers of smooth muscle i.e an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.

Question 6

Describe the serosa or adventitia.

Answer 6

Outer layer of connective tissue that suspends the digestive tract or attaches to other organs.

Question 7

Name the three strips that the outer longitudinal muscle of the large intestine is split up into.

Answer 7

The teniae coli.

Question 8

What is the name of the branch of the nervous system that serves the digestive tract?

Answer 8

Enteric nervous system

Question 9

Describe bronchi. (2)

Answer 9

• Large diameter airways

- Hyaline cartilage in walls

Question 10

Describe bronchioles. (2)

Answer 10

• Small airways

- Smooth muscle predominates in their walls.

Question 11

Where does gas exchange in the lungs occur?

Answer 11

Alveoli

Question 12

What are lobules?

Answer 12

The hexagonal structures that make up the liver.

Question 13

How is blood delivered to each lobule?

Answer 13

There is a branch of the hepatic portal vein and hepatic portal artery at every corner of the lobule.

Question 14

What is the function of the central vein in the middle of each lobule?

Answer 14

Drains blood to the hepatic vein.

Question 15

Describe the movement of blood in lobules.

Answer 15

Blood passes from the corner to the centre of the hexagon.

Question 16

What are hepatocytes and what is their function?

Answer 16

Cells in the liver which produce bile and detoxify blood

Question 17

Is the pancreas an endocrine or exocrine gland?

Answer 17

Both

Question 18

What are proteases?

Answer 18

Enzymes that break down proteins

Question 19

What are lipases?

Answer 19

Enzymes that break down lipids

Question 20

What are nucleases?

Answer 20

Enzymes that break down DNA and RNA.

Question 21

What feature of enzymes prevents them digesting the organs of the body?

Answer 21

They are produced in an inactive form.

Question 22

What are the “Islets of Langerhans”?

Answer 22

Small islands of tissue in the pancreas that produce hormones such as insulin.

Question 23

What is the renal corpsucle?

Answer 23

A collection of capillaries surrounded by epithelium where urine production begins.

Question 24

What is a nephron?

Answer 24

A renal corpsucle/tubule unit

Question 25

What is the alternative name for Red blood cells?

Answer 25

Erythrocytes

Question 26

Why do Erythrocytes lack a nucleus?

Answer 26

To increase oxygen carrying capacity.

Question 27

What is the alternative name for White blood cells?

Answer 27

Leukocytes

Question 28

What are the 5 principle types of leukocytes?

Answer 28

• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Basophils
• Monocytes
• Lymphocytes

Question 29

Name the three layers of a muscular artery. (From lumen outwards)

Answer 29

Tunica intima

Tunica media

Tunica adventitia

Question 30

What is the endothelium?

Answer 30

The simple squamous epithelium of blood vessels.

Question 31

What are capillaries composed of in terms of cells?

Answer 31

Epithelial cells and a basal lamina

Question 32

What are the layers of arterioles?

Answer 32

One or two layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media and almost no adventitia