Diversity of cells and their function

Question 1

What is endocytosis?

Answer 1

A method of incorporating extracellular material into the cell

Question 2

Describe endocytosis.

Answer 2

• The cell membrane folds in (Invaginates) on itself
• Extracellular material enters this space
• Cell membrane fuses around the material creating a vesicle (Endosome/Endocytotic vesicle)
• Vesicle buds off into cell.

Question 3

What is exocytosis?

Answer 3

The release of intracellular material into the extracellular matrix.

Question 4

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 4

The incorporation of bacteria or large particles into a cell to be digested by enzymes from a lysosome.

Question 5

Name the 4 main types of human tissue.

Answer 5

Epithelia
Muscle
Nervous tissue
Connective tissue

Question 6

What functions do epithelial cells serve? (6)

Answer 6

• Cover surfaces of the body such as inner linings of hollow organs and the skin
• Form glands for secretion.
• Absorption
• Mechanical barrier (Skin)
• Containment
• Locomotion by cilia

Question 7

What is the basal lamina?

Answer 7

A basement membrane, A layer of extracellular matrix components to which epithelia cells attach.

Question 8

What are the three classifications of epithelia according to shape?

Answer 8

1. Squamous (Flat)
2. Cuboidal (Cube shaped)
3. Columnar (Tall and thin)

Question 9

How are epithelia classed in terms of number of layers, and describe them?

Answer 9

1. Simple- One layer
2. Stratified- Two or more layers
3. Pseudostratified- Appearance of several layers, however all cells are connected to basal lamina

Question 10

Where is the product from endocrine glands secreted and how is it distributed?

Answer 10

Towards the basal end of the cell to be transported around the body in the CV system.

Question 11

Where is the product of exocrine glands secreted?

Answer 11

Towards the apical (Top) end of the cell.

Question 12

How is connective tissue classified (3), and give examples of each?

Answer 12

1. Hard connective tissue- Bone and cartilage
2. Soft connective tissue- Ligaments, tendons, mesentry, stroma of organs, dermis of the skin.
3. Blood and lymph

Question 13

What are fibroblasts?

Answer 13

Cells which help produce and maintain the extracellular matrix.

Question 14

What are adipose cells?

Answer 14

Fat cells found predominantly in adipose tissue.

Question 15

What are osteocytes?

Answer 15

Cells of bone

Question 16

What are chondrocytes?

Answer 16

Cells of cartilage

Question 17

How is soft connective tissue classified? (2)

Answer 17

Dense and loose

Question 18

What is cartilage?

Answer 18

A strong, flexible, compressible semi-rigid tissue.

Question 19

Cartilage can be divided into three sub groups, what are they?

Answer 19

• Hyaline
• Elastic
• Fibrocartilage

Question 20

Give an example of where hyaline cartilage may be found.

Answer 20

• Epiphyseal growth plates
• Articular surfaces
• Tracheal rings
• Costal cartilage

Question 21

How does cartilage receive a nutrient supply?

Answer 21

Cartilage is avascular so receives it’s nutrients by diffusion from adjacent cells through it’s matrix.

Question 22

What is the Cortex of a bone and what is it made from?

Answer 22

The hard outer shell made of cortical bone.

Question 23

What is the medulla of a bone and what is it made from?

Answer 23

The porous spongy inner section of a bone made from trabecullar (cancellous) bone.

Question 24

How does bone receive nutrients?

Answer 24

Bones are penetrated by small canals allowing blood vessels and nerves to supply the bone.

Question 25

Describe how force is produced during contraction of muscle cells.

Answer 25

Thin actin filaments pass over myosin fibres.

Question 26

Muscle can be divided up into three major types, name these.

Answer 26

• Skeletal
• Smooth
• Cardiac

Question 27

What other names are given to Smooth muscle? (2)

Answer 27

Involuntary or visceral muscle

Question 28

What other names are given to skeletal muscle? (2)

Answer 28

Voluntary or striated muscle.

Question 29

What is the sarcolemma?

Answer 29

The cell membrane of a striated muscular cell.

Question 30

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

Answer 30

To form the walls of the heart chamber and the origins of the blood vessels.

Question 31

What are Glia?

Answer 31

Supporting cells of nervous tissue.

Question 32

What is the function of nervous tissue? (2)

Answer 32

• Provides a control function

- Allows rapid communication between different areas of the body

Question 33

What is the meninges?

Answer 33

A connective tissue coat around cells in the Central nervous system.

Question 34

What is the epineurium?

Answer 34

A connective tissue coat around cells in the Peripheral nervous system.

Question 35

How are neurones categorised?

Answer 35

Bipolar neurones

Unipolar neurones

Multipolar neurones

Question 36

Name the principle Glia of the Central nervous system. (4)

Answer 36

Astrocytes

Oligodenocytes

Microglia

Schwann cells

Question 37

What is the function of astrocytes? (2)

Answer 37

Support and ion transport

Question 38

What is the function of oligodenocytes?

Answer 38

They produce myelin

Question 39

What is the function of microglia?

Answer 39

They provide immune surveillance

Question 40

What is the function of Schwann cells? (2)

Answer 40

Produce myelin and support the axon.