organisation in animals Flashcards
what are the five levels of organisation in living organisms?
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
what is in the digestive system? (11)`
mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
what is the mouth?
where food is chewed
what are the salivary glands?
makes saliva containing the enzyme amylase
what does the oesophagus?
carries food to the stomach
what does the liver do?
makes bile
what does the gall bladder do?
stores bile, bile is alkaline to neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach and emulsifies fats
what does the stomach do?
churns food, releases protease and digests proteins, releases hydrochloric acid - kills pathogens
what does the small intestine do?
where digested food is absorbed into the blood
what does the large intestine do?
where water and minerals are absorbed into the blood
what does the rectum do?
stores faeces
what does the anus do?
expels faeces
where does the air go when you breathe in?
through the nose and mouth, down the trachea, into the bronchi, through the bronchioles, into the alveoli
what does the oxygen do after its breathed in and in the alveoli?
diffuses into the blood into the network of capillaries over the surface of the alveoli
which four components is blood made up of?
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma`
what are the vessels?
artery, vein, capillary
what is the function of an artery?
carries blood away from the heart ( high pressure )
what is the function of a vein?
carries blood to the heart ( low pressure )
what is function of a capillary?
carries blood to the tissues and cells, connects arteries and veins
what is the structure of an artery?
thick, muscular and elastic walls. the walls can withstand a lot of force and pressure. small lumen
what is the structure of a vein?
valves to stop blood flowing the wrong way, thin walls, large lumen
what is the structure of a capillary?
one cell thick, short diffusion distance for substances to move between the blood and tissues. very narrow lumen
what muscle tissue is the heart made from?
cardiac muscle tissue
what is the cardiac muscle tissue supplied with and how?
oxygen by the coronary artery
what are the parts of the heart?
pulmonary artery, aorta, pulmonary vein, left ventricles, right ventrical, vena cava, right atrium, left atrium
what does the aorta do?
carries oxygenated blood around the body
what does the pulmonary vein do?
brings oxygenated blood from the lungs
what does the left ventricle do?
pumps blood around the body
what does the right ventricle do?
pumps blood to the lungs
what does the vena cava do?
brings deoxygenated blood into the heart
what does the pulmonary artery do?
takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs
what is the heart rate controlled by?
a group of cells in the right atrium that generate electrical impulses, acting as a pacemaker
what is the human circulatory system described as? why?
a double circulatory system because blood passes through the heart twice for every circuit around the body: the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place, the left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body.
