cell biology

Question 1

what is an animal cell made up of?

Answer 1

cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm.

Question 2

what is a plant cell made up of?

Answer 2

cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm, permanent vacuole, chloroplast, cell wall.

Question 3

what is a bacterial cell made up of?

Answer 3

cytoplasm. cell wall, cell membrane, flagellum, bacterial DNA loop, plasmid DNA rings.

Question 4

advantages of a light microscope.

Answer 4

advantages: use living samples, relatively cheap.

Question 5

disadvantages of light microscopes.

Answer 5

disadvantages: low magnification, low resolution.

Question 6

advantages of an electron microscope.

Answer 6

advantages: high magnification, high resolution.

Question 7

disadvantages of an electron microscope.

Answer 7

disadvantages: samples cannot be living, expensive.

Question 8

what is the calculation for magnification?

Answer 8

magnification = image size / actual size

Question 9

functions of a sperm cell

Answer 9

function: fertilise an ovum

Question 10

adaptations of a sperm cell

Answer 10

adaptations: tail to swim to the ovum and fertilise it, lots of mitrochondria to release energy from respiration enabling the sperm to swim to the ovum.

Question 11

functions of a red blood cell.

Answer 11

function: transport oxygen around the body..

Question 12

adaptations of a red blood cell.

Answer 12

adaptations: no nucleus so more room to carry oxygen, contains a red pigment called haemoglobin that binds to oxygen molecules, flat bi-concave disc shape to increase surface area-to-volume ratio.

Question 13

functions of a muscle cell.

Answer 13

function: contract and relax to allow movement.

Question 14

adaptations of a muscle cell.

Answer 14

adaptations: contains protein fibres, which can contract to make the cells shorter, contains lots of mitochondria to release energy from respiration, allowing the muscles to contract.

Question 15

functions of a nerve cell.

Answer 15

function: carry electrical impulses around the body.

Question 16

adaptations of a nerve cell.

Answer 16

adaptations: branched endings, called dendrites, to make connections with other neurones or effectors, myelin sheath insulates the axon to increase the transmission speed of the electrical impulses.

Question 17

functions of a root hair cell.

Answer 17

functions: absorb minerals ions and water from the soil.

Question 18

adaptations of a root hair cell.

Answer 18

adaptations: long projection speeds up the absorption of water and mineral ions by increasing the surface area of the cell, lots of mitochondria to release energy for the active transport of minerals ions from the soil.

Question 19

functions of a palisade cell.

Answer 19

functions: enable photosynthesis in the leaf.

Question 20

adaptations of a palisade cell.

Answer 20

adaptations: lots of chloroplasts containing chlorophyll to absorb light energy, located at the top surface of the leaf where it can absorb the most light energy.

Question 21

what are the characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 21

single-celled, no nucleus ( single loop of DNA ), small rings of DNA called plasmids, smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Question 22

what is a cell membrane?

Answer 22

controls the movement of substances in and out of a cell

Question 23

what is a nucleus?

Answer 23

contains DNA

Question 24

what is a mitochondria?

Answer 24

where energy is released through respiration

Question 25

what is a ribosome?

Answer 25

site of protein synthesis

Question 26

what is a cytoplasm?

Answer 26

jelly-like substance, where chemical reactions take place

Question 27

what is a permanent vacuole?

Answer 27

contains cell sap

Question 28

what is a chloroplast?

Answer 28

contains chlorophyll to absorb light energy for photosynthesis

Question 29

what is a cell wall?

Answer 29

made of cellulose, which strengthens the cell.