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organisation extra flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organisation pyramind

A

organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

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2
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers outside of body as well as internal organs

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2
Q

muscular tissue

A

contracts to bring about movement
e.g stomach muscular walls to churn food

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3
Q

function o mouth

A

site of mechanical digestion
food mixed with saliva which contains amylase - digestion of carbohydrates

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3
Q

glandular tissue

A

contains secretory cells that prodcue and release substances like enzymes and hormones
eg salivary glands producing amylase

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4
Q

pancreas

A

orgn that makes hormones to control blood sugar and produce enzymes for digestion

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5
Q

whats organ

A

lots of tissues working together to perform specific function

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5
Q

what is cell

A

smallest unit of any living thing

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5
Q

whats tissue

A

lotts of same type of cell working togethether

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6
Q

whast organism

A

livin thing

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6
Q

whats organ system

A

system of organs working together to perform specific funtion

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7
Q

peristalsis

A

food moved down digestive system by process - peristalsis

this is contraction of two seperate muscles in wall of oespoghagus and small int. contractions are wave like and create a squeezing action

once u have chewed ur food, it mixes w/ saliva and forms a bolus

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7
Q

organs in digestive system

A

oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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7
Q

functions of digesive system

A

digestion - breakdown of food so it is small n soluble enough to diffuse through walls of small int

absorption - transporting digested food molecules into blood

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7
Q

job stomach

A

digestion of protein
dangerous microogranginsm killed

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8
Q

adaptatios of stomach

A

bolus gets soaked in hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria and provides optimum ph for enzymes to work

walls secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining from HCL, enzymes to break down food molecules and acids to provide optimum ph for enzymes to work

muscles of stomach contract to churn food and so food mixes with gastric juices. also performs peristalsis to cause movement of food to small int

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9
Q

function salivary glands

A

produce saliva which mix with food
saliva has amylase - digests carbohydrates

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9
Q

job oesophagus

A

carries food and liquid from mouth to stomach

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10
Q

gall bladder job

A

stores bile

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10
Q

job liver

A

processes blood coming from small int
produces bile

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10
Q

small int (duodenum) job

A

digestion of food and abosrption

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11
Q

small int (ileum) job

A

digestion and absorption

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11
Q

large in (colon) job

A

abosrpoption water from undigested food , feces made

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12
Q

large int - rectum - job

A

reeives waste and stores them until it passes out of body

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12
Q

job enzymes in digestion

A

break down long molecultes which cant be absorbed into useful smaller moleuctles which can be abosrped easily

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13
Q

intestines adaptions

A

wlls of small int have finger like projections called villi. are very thin, increae surface area of intestine. they have microvilli which further increase SA. increase SA means more places for diffusion

wals one cell thick - short diffusion pathway to blood

netowrk of cappilies ensures good blood supply - concentration gradient maintained - levels of food molecules in small int always higher than in blood so diffusion rapid.

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13
Q

anus job

A

muscular ring which excretes feces

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14
Q

amylase

A

starch to simple sugars

made in salivary glands, pancreas, small int

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15
Q

protease

A

protein into amino acids

made in stomach, pancreas, small int

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15
Q

lipase

A

lipids to fatty acids and glycerol

made in pancreas, small int

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16
Q

test for starch

A

iodine solution
turns from orange brown to blue/black if starch present
otherwise no change

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16
Q

gastric juices

A

thin clear colourless acid fluid secreted by stomahc glands
include HCL, lipase and pepsin

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17
Q

teest for protein

A

biuret reagent
from blue to purple if protein present

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17
Q

test for sugar

A

beendict solution - blue colour
turns from blue to orange/red green or yellow if sugar present

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17
Q

test for lipids

A

ethanol
from colourless to cloudy

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18
Q

what is active site

A

part of enzye that matches the substrate

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18
Q

what r catalysts

A

subtances that increase rate of chemical reaction without being used up

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19
Q

why r enzymes speicfic

A

each enzyme active site suitable for 1 type of subrtate - lok and key mdel

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20
Q

what r enzymes made of

A

enzymes are biological catalysts made of amino acids, which r joined together in long chain and folded to make 3d structure

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21
Q

what do enzymes do

A

put molecules together or break em apart
specific enzyme for every reaction
needed to make celll work properly

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21
Q

why enzmes specficf

A

only substrates w/ complementary shape to acive site can bind to enzyme and react

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21
Q

stage 2 lock key model

A

substrate w/ complementary shape binds to enzme
fit like key to a lock

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21
Q

stage 1 lock and key model

A

enzyme looking 4 complementary substrate
sustrates with not complementary shape cant bind to acive site

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21
Q

stage 3 lock key model

A

enzyme makes reaction happen much more easily and reactant breaks down to products

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22
Q

stage 4 lock key model

A

products released frm active site
enzyme repeats process

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22
Q

describe what enzymes are and explain how they break down molecules using lock and key mechanism (6 marks)

A

enzymes r biological catalysts
they increase rate of reaction
each enzyme has different shape and work at different conditions
witihn the shape is an indentation - the active site
only 1 type substrate fits into active site
if hape of enzyme changes, acive site no longer work and enzye has denatured

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23
Q

why do enzyems (and catalysts as a whole) speed up reactions

A

redue activaiton nrg

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23
Q

if ph or temp too low in a reaction describe reaction

A

if too low particles dont have much NRG so collisions between particles have less pwr so less chance of reaction occuring

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23
Q

what if temp and ph to high 4 enzyme

A

enzyme denatures

24
Q

factors affecting enzymes and rate of reaaction

A

temp, ph, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, surface area, pressure

24
Q

which ph level and temp do amylase, lipase and protease best work at

A

all work best at normal body temp - 37-38 degrees
amylase works at 7ph - neutral ph - so mouth is neutral ph
protease work best in ph less that 7 (e.g 2) so works best in stomach which is acidic
lipase works in small int where there is alkali ph

25
Q

Gall stones

A

gall stones can form blocking gall bladder and bile ducts, due to imbalance of cholesterol in bile
can cuase pain and hinde ridgestion

25
Q

red blood cells (RBC) job

A

carry oxygen in blood, taking it from lngs to tissues

25
Q

RBC adapations
mention all in the 6mrk question

A

biconcave shape - higher SA, meaning can absorb o2 easier
no nucleus - more space for haemoglobin
have haemoglobin - binds with o2 to form oxyhaemoglobin.
diameter bigger than diameter ofcapillary so it slows down so diffusion of o2 can happen over long period of time
also is flexible so it can enter capillary

26
Q

job white blood cells

A

WBCs help defend body from attack

26
Q

job phagocytes - adaptions

A

kill harmful microgorganisms
very flexible so they can engulf microgoraganisms
produce digestive enzymes which kill microgorangisms

26
Q

job lymphoctes - adpations

A

produce antibodies which kill microgoranisms or cause them to clump together, making it easier for phagocytes to engluf them
also produce antitoxins whch destory toxins made from bacteria

27
Q

platelets job and adaptions

A

small fragments of cells
no nlucleus
suspended in lbood plasma

job: help blood clot at wound, form scabs
this is to reduce blood loss and prevent micorganisms entering blood via wond

27
Q

plasma

A

straw coloured liquid - mosly water
all blood cells suspended in plasma
since is a liquid, some substances can dissolve in it like co2 or glucose

transports RBCs, WBCs, platelets, waste products (urea, co2), nutriets (glucose)

27
Q

HOW TO know if a picutre of microorganism was taken by electron mictoscope

A

black and white img
in 3D

28
Q

3 ypes blood vessel

A

artery
vein
capillary

29
Q

arteries

A

carry blood at high pressure away from heart
have thick outer wall, thick inner layer of muscle and elastic fibres with narro central lumen to withstand the pressure

29
Q

veins

A

veins carry blood at low pressure
have thin outer wall, thin inner layer of muscle and elastic fibres and wide central lumen
this is because they dont need to have blod flowing quickly at high pressure
they have valves to prevent backflow

29
Q

valves

A

prevent backflow by closing when blood flows through it
blood pushes past valves which open in only 1 direction

30
Q

how are blood vessels arragned

A

in double circulatory system

30
Q

dbl circulatory system

A

one system trapnsports blood from heart to lungs and back
other one transports blood from heart to body tissues then back

31
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

carries deoxy blood from heart to lungs then back

32
Q

systemic circulation

A

carries oxy blood to from heart to tissues then back

32
Q

adpations capillaries

A

one cell thick wall - short diffusion distance
diameter smaller than rbc diameter
permeable membrane allows for diffusion

32
Q

heart

A

muscular organ pumping blood around body through repeated contractions

32
Q

why we need blood circulation

A

for transport of nutrients
to fight disease
to help stabilse body temps

32
Q

heart walls

A

thicker on left side - more cells for more mitochondira to provide NRG for contractions
oxygen and glucose needed for respiration 4 nrg comes from coronary arteries

33
Q

cronary artey and vein

A

cornary atery takes oxy blood to heart muscle
coronary vein takes deoxy blood from heart muscle to heart

33
Q

septum

A

wall splitting left and right chambers of heart
to prevent mixing of blood

33
Q

thombrosis

A

when cholestrol sticks to coronary artery it reduces blood flow and can cause blood to clot - thombrosis

reduced flow of blood to heart muscle = chest pain, heart attack or death

33
Q

statin

A

common drugs for over 50s.
reduces LDL cholestrol so slows down fatty desposit build up rate

33
Q

stent

A

metal mesh placed in artery. tiny balloon used to open it, and blood vessel at same time
baloon removed and stent reamins, blood vessel kept open

34
Q

bypass surgery

A

doctors can use parts of vein from other parts of body to replace blocked artery

wrks well for badly blocked arteries, but xpensive and involes risk associated w/ general anaesateitc

34
Q

avantge stent

A

straightforward
no need for gen anaestsia

34
Q

disavantage stent

A

only used for partially blocked coronary artiery, not badly blockeld ones

34
Q

avantage bypass surgery

A

used on artieries w/ more severe blocks

34
Q

disavantge bypas surgery

A

expensive
risk with gen anaestetic
portions of vein must be removed form other parts of body

35
Q

leaky valves

A

heart valves must withstand lots of pressure, over time they may leak n become stiff and not fully open, making heart less efficient

35
Q

pacemaker

A

natural pacemenaker - group of ccells found in riht atrium
serious problems if no work properly

35
Q

artificila pacemaker

A

elec device implanted in chest - sends strong elec signals to heart to stimulate it to worrk properly

35
Q

artificial heart

A

mechanical device attached to heart, uses air pressue to pump blood around body

36
Q

avantage artifical pacemaker

A

stabilises heart beat
can stimulate faster heart rate dring exercise

36
Q

disavantage artificial pacemaker

A

risk of blood clotting and infection
need medical checks for restof your life

36
Q

avantage atifical heart

A

can use it while waiting for heart transplant

36
Q

disavantage artifical heart

A

expensive

36
Q

where are lungs

A

in the thorax protected by the ribcage
seperated from digestive organs by diapragm - strong sheet of muscle

36
Q

how r lungs ventilated

A

contraction and relaxation of intercostal muscles

36
Q

adaptations alveoli

A

Spherical shaped - increased surface area so more places for diffusion
Well ventilated - constant supply of o2 and co2 quickly removed
thin walls - one cell thich walls for short diffusion distance
good blood supply - constant supply of deoxy blood, conc grad. maintained
moist lining - prevents alveolus from cracking and dying, and allows o2 to dissolve in it before diffusing

36
Q

flower what is it

A

repordocutive organ of plant

36
Q

whats stem

A

contains xyel mand phloem

37
Q

whats leaf

A

site of photosynthesis

37
Q

whats roots

A

site of absorption of water and mineral ions from soil

37
Q

plant tissues

A

epidermal tissue - cover the plant
palisade mesophyll - where photosynthesis takes place
spongy mesophyll - has air spaces for diffusion of gases
xylem - where water is transported from root to leaf
phloem - where nutrients transorted to leaf and other parts of body
meristem tissue - at tips of roots n shoots, have stems cells

38
Q

adpation leaf

A

broad and flat to capture lots of sunlight
have xylem and phloem which transport nutrients to the leaf and to other parts of plant (xyelm bringgg h20 for photosynthesis)
have lots of chloroplasts with chlorophyll so it can abosrb light
have stomata on underside so gases can diffuse in and out

39
Q

palisade cell function and adatpion

A

job: site of photosynthesis

have lots of choloroplasts so lots of photosynthesis can take palce
block shaped so they can be packed together in leaf

40
Q

spongy mespophyll function and adaption

A

job: allows gases to get to palisade mesophyll cell or leave the cell

not packed tightly together - air spaces between them

41
Q

guard cell and stomata function and adaption

A

job: stoma - lets gases enter or exit
guard cell - controls openning and closing of stoma

stoma are at the bottom of leaf to limit water loss as it is shaded

42
Q

waxy cuticle adaption and function

A

job: prevent water loss from surface of plant

it is waxy and thin

43
Q

structure of leaf (top to bottom)

A

way cuticle
upper epidermis
palisade mesophyll cell
bundle sheath cell
vein
xyelm
phloem
spongy mesophyll cells
lower eidermis
guard cell
stoma
axy cuticle

44
Q

xylem and phloem function

A

job: xyelm - moves water and mineral ions from roots to leaf
phloem - moves sugars and amino acids around the plant

45
Q

guard cells and stomata

A

when light intensity high, guard cells swell and chang eshape, so stomata opens and co2 enters, while o2 and h2o leave.

when hot conditions, guard cells close to reduce water loss. but now plant cant photosynthesise

at night, stomata close so no more photosynthesis

46
Q

how are ions obtained n transported through plant

A

ions taken up by diffusion or active transport from area of high conc. to low conc. (vice versa for active transport.). they travel up the plant in the xylem from roots to leaves in 1 direction only

47
Q

how water obtained n trnasported thru plant

A

water taken upby osmosis from high conc. to low conc. water travels up in the xylem from roots to leaves and is pulled up thru transpiration stream

48
Q

how sugar obained n transported

A

sugar made in leaves in photosynthesis and travel in phloem to other parts of plant 4 use in resiration or to be stored

49
Q

def transpiration

A

evaporation of water from the leaves

50
Q

transpiration stream

A

when h2o leaves the leaf, h2o in the xylem diffuses into the leaf to replace the water that has been lost. the water molecule at the top of the chain drags the water molecules beneath up as well, while simultaneously, water diffuses into the root hair cell.

this is the transpiration stream.

51
Q

importance of transpiration

A

brings water into the leaf which is used for photosynthesis
it also brings dissolved mineral ions for use
it also cools down the plant, which is especially helpful in warm weather

52
Q

factors affecting transpiration

A

temp - transpiration increases as temp increase as evaporaion is faster at high temps
dry conditions - transpir. increases as in dry conditions evaporation is faster
windy conditions - rate increases as conc. gradient is made steeper as water molecules outside leaf blown away
light intensity - rate increases because rate of photosynthesis increases so more water lost and gained same tme

53
Q

phloem adaptation

A

have sieve tube cells (have no nuclues) which the sugars and amino acids can diffuse through

companion cells proide nrg for active transport needd for this diffusion

flow of sugars and amino acids bidirectional, UP AND DOWN

54
Q

xylem adaptation

A

made up of dead cells forming continuous long hollow tube.
strengthened by lignin
flow of water and mineral ions one direction only, UP

55
Q

translocation

A

transport of dissolved material within a plant

56
Q

left lung

A

left superior lobe
left inferior lobe
bronchial tree

no middle lobe so there is space for the heart

57
Q

right lung

A

right superior lobe
right middle lobe
rigt inferior lobe
bronchial tree

58
Q

breathing in

A

intercostal muscles contract
ribs moveup and out
diaphragm muscles contract
diaphragm lowers
vol of chest incres
pressure in chest decres
air pressure in lung lower than atmospheric pressure
air rushes in lungs

59
Q

breathing out

A

intercostal muscle relax
ribs move down
diaphragm muscle relaes
diaphragm rises
vol of chest decres
pressure in chest incres
air pressure in chest higher than in amosphere
air rushes out of lungs

60
Q

why do we chew food

A

chewing is done to break down food into smaller pieces with a larger surface area.

this is so enzymes can work better on them

61
Q

job of bile

A

emulsify lipids and form ‘droplets’, which have bigger surface area

also neutralises hydrocloric acid from the stomach

science organisation (9 decks)

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