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science organisation > bioenergetics extra stuff > Flashcards

bioenergetics extra stuff Flashcards

1
Q

where is nrg from respiration transferred to

A

The energy is transferred to small molecules called ATP,
which cells use as an immediate source of energy.

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2
Q

cardiac output

A

cardiac output is the volume of blood that is pumped by
the heart each minute

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2
Q

what is nrg (atp) from respiration used for

A

movement – enabling muscles to
contract

thermoregulation in mammals
and birds

active transport – moving molecules against a
concentration gradient.

biosynthesis – building new
molecules, cells and tissues

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2
Q

whatdoes heart rate give measure of

A

Heart rate gives a measure of how healthy a person’s heart
is

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3
Q

what do the changes to body in exercise result in

A

These changes increase blood flow to the muscles, which
increases the supply of oxygen and glucose and removes
carbon dioxide more quickly.

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3
Q

what changes occur during exercise

A

During exercise several
changes occur:

the heart rate increases

the rate and depth of
breathing increases

the arteries supplying
the muscles dilate.

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4
Q

stroke volume

A

stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped with
each heartbeat.

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5
Q

cardiac output formula

A

cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate

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5
Q

respiratory quotient formula

A

co2 produced / o2 used

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6
Q

why does anaerobic produce less nrg

A

glucose only partially borken down

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6
Q

what indicates overall incrs in respiration

A

An increase in the rate of oxygen use and carbon
dioxide production indicates an increase in the overall
rate of respiration.

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7
Q

how to estimatemetabolic rate

A

Measuring the rate of oxygen consumption can give an
estimate of the metabolic rate. This measure indicates
how quickly the body is using energy from respiration.

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7
Q

whats respiration and the types

A

respiration is the breakdown of glucose into energy, co2 and h20

aerobic - uses o2
anaerobic - doesnt use o2

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7
Q

anaerobic respiration equation

A

glucose -> lactic acid + a bit of NRG

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7
Q

what must be done with lactic acid

A

taken to liver to be broken down to glucose as it is toxic in high concentrations, prevents the muscles from contracting efficiently. The build-up of lactic acid
can cause fatigue, pain and cramping.

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7
Q

anaeorbic respiration in plants

A

glucose -> ethanol, carbon dioxide and NRG

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7
Q

where is lactic acid broken down

A

Some lactic acid is broken
down in the muscles. Some passes into the bloodstream
and is taken to the liver to be broken down there.

oxygen needed to break down lactic acid into glucose

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7
Q

what are respiring microorganisms used to produce

A

alcohol
bread
biofuels

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8
Q

what do respiring microorganism do

A

These micro-organisms break substances down using
aerobic or anaerobic respiration. The effect of anaerobic
respiration is often called fermentation.

8
Q

what does yeast digest

A

carbohydrates

produces co2 from this digestion

9
Q

what is yeast used for

A

bread production
alocohol production

9
Q

amount of ethanol produced by yeast

A

The amount of ethanol
produced is limited as alcohol
becomes toxic to microbes at
certain concentrations.

9
Q

endo or exo - photosynthesis

A

endo

takes in nrg in form of light

10
Q

why is temp a litimting factor

A

photosynthesis is enyme controolled
when temps too high, enzymes denature and rate of reactin decrease

10
Q

first step light intensity pondweed test

A

Fill a boiling tube with 0.2% sodium
hydrogen carbonate solution.

11
Q

second step light intensity pondweed test

A

Freshly cut a 10 cm piece of pondweed and
place it in the boiling tube with the cut end at
the top.

12
Q

third step light pondweed test

A

Set up an LED lamp at a distance of 10 cm to
the boiling tube and leave to settle for 5
minutes.

13
Q

fourth step light pondweed test

A

Start the stopwatch and count the number of
bubbles released in one minute.

14
Q

5th step light pondweed test

A

Repeat twice and calculate the mean number
of bubbles.

15
Q

6th step light pondweed test

A

Repeat steps 1-6, altering distance of the
lamp so it is 30 cm, 40 cm and 50cm away
from the boiling tube.

16
Q

why led lap used in light pondwed practial

A

LED lamps produce less heat and this
reduces the effect of temperature on
the experiment.

17
Q

why sodium hydrogen carbonate solution used

A

This provides excess dissolved carbon
dioxide for the plant to use in
photosynthesis so it is not a limiting
factor.

18
Q

why is light intensity lmiitng factor

A

if light intensity too high, these can happen:

saturation of the active sites in the enzymes catalysing the reactions

bleaching of chlorophyll.

19
Q

what r variegated leaves

A

Variegated leaves are
white and green.

The white areas do not
have any chlorophyll.

20
Q

what can greenhouses control

A

They can control conditions
inside greenhouses more easily
than in the fields.

Heating can be used to provide
optimum temperatures for
maximum plant growth.

Artificial lighting enhances the
natural sunlight especially
overnight and on cloudy days.

Extra carbon dioxide gas can be
pumped into the air inside the
greenhouses.

21
Q

respiration exo or endo

A

Respiration is an
exothermic reaction
which means energy is
transferred to the
environment.

22
Q

aerobic respiration 4 key notes

A

o2 required
co2 and h2o released
complete oxidation of glucose
lots of nrg released

23
Q

anaerobic respiration in animasl 4 key notes

A

o2 not required
lactic acid made
incomplete oxidation of glucose
little nrg released

24
Q

anaerobic respiration in plants 4 key notes

A

o2 not required
ethanol and co2 made
incomplete oxidation of glucose
little nrg released

25
Q

factors affecting metabolic rate

A

Factors that affect metabolic rate are: Age, Gender, Body
size / weight, Exercise levels, Proportion of muscle to fat

26
Q

examples of ppl with high metabolic rate

A

Examples of people who have a higher metabolic rate are:
children/teens (because they are growing), athletes and
pregnant women.

27
Q

whch blood vessels upply the liver

A

hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein

28
Q

hepatic artery

A

Hepatic artery
which is rich in
oxygen.

29
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

Hepatic Portal
vein which is
rich in glucose
and amino acids.

30
Q

COMPLETE!!!!!!!!!!!!!

A

science organisation (9 decks)

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