bioenergetics extra stuff Flashcards
where is nrg from respiration transferred to
The energy is transferred to small molecules called ATP,
which cells use as an immediate source of energy.
cardiac output
cardiac output is the volume of blood that is pumped by
the heart each minute
what is nrg (atp) from respiration used for
movement – enabling muscles to
contract
thermoregulation in mammals
and birds
active transport – moving molecules against a
concentration gradient.
biosynthesis – building new
molecules, cells and tissues
whatdoes heart rate give measure of
Heart rate gives a measure of how healthy a person’s heart
is
what do the changes to body in exercise result in
These changes increase blood flow to the muscles, which
increases the supply of oxygen and glucose and removes
carbon dioxide more quickly.
what changes occur during exercise
During exercise several
changes occur:
the heart rate increases
the rate and depth of
breathing increases
the arteries supplying
the muscles dilate.
stroke volume
stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped with
each heartbeat.
cardiac output formula
cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate
respiratory quotient formula
co2 produced / o2 used
why does anaerobic produce less nrg
glucose only partially borken down
what indicates overall incrs in respiration
An increase in the rate of oxygen use and carbon
dioxide production indicates an increase in the overall
rate of respiration.
how to estimatemetabolic rate
Measuring the rate of oxygen consumption can give an
estimate of the metabolic rate. This measure indicates
how quickly the body is using energy from respiration.
whats respiration and the types
respiration is the breakdown of glucose into energy, co2 and h20
aerobic - uses o2
anaerobic - doesnt use o2
anaerobic respiration equation
glucose -> lactic acid + a bit of NRG
what must be done with lactic acid
taken to liver to be broken down to glucose as it is toxic in high concentrations, prevents the muscles from contracting efficiently. The build-up of lactic acid
can cause fatigue, pain and cramping.
anaeorbic respiration in plants
glucose -> ethanol, carbon dioxide and NRG
where is lactic acid broken down
Some lactic acid is broken
down in the muscles. Some passes into the bloodstream
and is taken to the liver to be broken down there.
oxygen needed to break down lactic acid into glucose
what are respiring microorganisms used to produce
alcohol
bread
biofuels
what do respiring microorganism do
These micro-organisms break substances down using
aerobic or anaerobic respiration. The effect of anaerobic
respiration is often called fermentation.
what does yeast digest
carbohydrates
produces co2 from this digestion
what is yeast used for
bread production
alocohol production
amount of ethanol produced by yeast
The amount of ethanol
produced is limited as alcohol
becomes toxic to microbes at
certain concentrations.
endo or exo - photosynthesis
endo
takes in nrg in form of light
why is temp a litimting factor
photosynthesis is enyme controolled
when temps too high, enzymes denature and rate of reactin decrease
