bioenergetics extra stuff Flashcards
where is nrg from respiration transferred to
The energy is transferred to small molecules called ATP,
which cells use as an immediate source of energy.
cardiac output
cardiac output is the volume of blood that is pumped by
the heart each minute
what is nrg (atp) from respiration used for
movement – enabling muscles to
contract
thermoregulation in mammals
and birds
active transport – moving molecules against a
concentration gradient.
biosynthesis – building new
molecules, cells and tissues
whatdoes heart rate give measure of
Heart rate gives a measure of how healthy a person’s heart
is
what do the changes to body in exercise result in
These changes increase blood flow to the muscles, which
increases the supply of oxygen and glucose and removes
carbon dioxide more quickly.
what changes occur during exercise
During exercise several
changes occur:
the heart rate increases
the rate and depth of
breathing increases
the arteries supplying
the muscles dilate.
stroke volume
stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped with
each heartbeat.
cardiac output formula
cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate
respiratory quotient formula
co2 produced / o2 used
why does anaerobic produce less nrg
glucose only partially borken down
what indicates overall incrs in respiration
An increase in the rate of oxygen use and carbon
dioxide production indicates an increase in the overall
rate of respiration.
how to estimatemetabolic rate
Measuring the rate of oxygen consumption can give an
estimate of the metabolic rate. This measure indicates
how quickly the body is using energy from respiration.
whats respiration and the types
respiration is the breakdown of glucose into energy, co2 and h20
aerobic - uses o2
anaerobic - doesnt use o2
anaerobic respiration equation
glucose -> lactic acid + a bit of NRG
what must be done with lactic acid
taken to liver to be broken down to glucose as it is toxic in high concentrations, prevents the muscles from contracting efficiently. The build-up of lactic acid
can cause fatigue, pain and cramping.
anaeorbic respiration in plants
glucose -> ethanol, carbon dioxide and NRG
where is lactic acid broken down
Some lactic acid is broken
down in the muscles. Some passes into the bloodstream
and is taken to the liver to be broken down there.
oxygen needed to break down lactic acid into glucose
what are respiring microorganisms used to produce
alcohol
bread
biofuels
what do respiring microorganism do
These micro-organisms break substances down using
aerobic or anaerobic respiration. The effect of anaerobic
respiration is often called fermentation.
what does yeast digest
carbohydrates
produces co2 from this digestion
what is yeast used for
bread production
alocohol production
amount of ethanol produced by yeast
The amount of ethanol
produced is limited as alcohol
becomes toxic to microbes at
certain concentrations.
endo or exo - photosynthesis
endo
takes in nrg in form of light
why is temp a litimting factor
photosynthesis is enyme controolled
when temps too high, enzymes denature and rate of reactin decrease
first step light intensity pondweed test
Fill a boiling tube with 0.2% sodium
hydrogen carbonate solution.
second step light intensity pondweed test
Freshly cut a 10 cm piece of pondweed and
place it in the boiling tube with the cut end at
the top.
third step light pondweed test
Set up an LED lamp at a distance of 10 cm to
the boiling tube and leave to settle for 5
minutes.
fourth step light pondweed test
Start the stopwatch and count the number of
bubbles released in one minute.
5th step light pondweed test
Repeat twice and calculate the mean number
of bubbles.
6th step light pondweed test
Repeat steps 1-6, altering distance of the
lamp so it is 30 cm, 40 cm and 50cm away
from the boiling tube.
why led lap used in light pondwed practial
LED lamps produce less heat and this
reduces the effect of temperature on
the experiment.
why sodium hydrogen carbonate solution used
This provides excess dissolved carbon
dioxide for the plant to use in
photosynthesis so it is not a limiting
factor.
why is light intensity lmiitng factor
if light intensity too high, these can happen:
saturation of the active sites in the enzymes catalysing the reactions
bleaching of chlorophyll.
what r variegated leaves
Variegated leaves are
white and green.
The white areas do not
have any chlorophyll.
what can greenhouses control
They can control conditions
inside greenhouses more easily
than in the fields.
Heating can be used to provide
optimum temperatures for
maximum plant growth.
Artificial lighting enhances the
natural sunlight especially
overnight and on cloudy days.
Extra carbon dioxide gas can be
pumped into the air inside the
greenhouses.
respiration exo or endo
Respiration is an
exothermic reaction
which means energy is
transferred to the
environment.
aerobic respiration 4 key notes
o2 required
co2 and h2o released
complete oxidation of glucose
lots of nrg released
anaerobic respiration in animasl 4 key notes
o2 not required
lactic acid made
incomplete oxidation of glucose
little nrg released
anaerobic respiration in plants 4 key notes
o2 not required
ethanol and co2 made
incomplete oxidation of glucose
little nrg released
factors affecting metabolic rate
Factors that affect metabolic rate are: Age, Gender, Body
size / weight, Exercise levels, Proportion of muscle to fat
examples of ppl with high metabolic rate
Examples of people who have a higher metabolic rate are:
children/teens (because they are growing), athletes and
pregnant women.
whch blood vessels upply the liver
hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
hepatic artery
Hepatic artery
which is rich in
oxygen.
hepatic portal vein
Hepatic Portal
vein which is
rich in glucose
and amino acids.
COMPLETE!!!!!!!!!!!!!
