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organisation and digestive system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a organ system?

A

a group of organs which work together to perform a specific function

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2
Q

what is a tissue?

A

a group of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function

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3
Q

what is the role of the digestive system?

A

it breaks down and absorbs food

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4
Q

what is an organ?

A

a group of tissues that work together to perform a certain function

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5
Q

what are the three main nutrients that food contains?

A

protein, carbohydrates and lipids

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6
Q

what happens in the mouth?

A

the food is chewed in the mouth and enzymes in the salvia begin to digest the starch into smaller sugar molecules

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7
Q

where does the food pass to get to the stomach?

A

oesophagus

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8
Q

in the stomach, what begins the digestion of proteins?

A

enzymes

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9
Q

in the stomach, what helps the enzymes to digest proteins?

A

hydrohalic acid

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10
Q

what action of stomach muscles turns the food into a fluid?

A

churning

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11
Q

how does turning the food into a fluid help enzymes to digest?

A

it increases the surface area

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12
Q

what part of the body releases chemicals into the small intestine?

A

liver & pancreas

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13
Q

what does the pancreas release?

A

enzymes

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14
Q

what does the liver release?

A

bile

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15
Q

what do enzymes do in the small intestine?

A

continue the digestion of starch and protein and also start the digestion of lipids

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16
Q

what does bile do?

A

helps speed up the digestion of lipids and also neutralises acid released from the stomach

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17
Q

what do the walls of the small intestine release?

A

enzymes

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18
Q

in the small intestine, what happens to the small food molecules produced

A

absorbed into the bloodstream wither by diffusion or active transport.

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19
Q

in the large intestine where is the water absorbed into ?

A

the bloodstream

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20
Q

what is some of the glucose used for ?

A

respiration

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21
Q

if the substrate does not fit perfectly in the active site, what happens?

A

the enzyme cannot break down the substrate

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22
Q

what are enzymes and what do they do?

A

enzymes are large protein molecules and they have a groove on their surface called the active site, this active site is where the substrate attaches to. they also catalyse chemical reactions

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23
Q

which enzymes is proteins broken down by?

A

protease

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24
Q

what enzymes break down carbohydrates?

A

carbohydrases

25
Q

in the case of starch what is carbohydrase called?

A

amylase

26
Q

what does starch consist of?

A

a chain of glucose molecules

27
Q

what is the product o the reaction catalysed by amylase?

A

sugars

28
Q

describe the role of digestive enzymes in the process of digestion

A

they break down the food into smaller, soluble molecules that can pass easily through the walls of the digestive system allowing them to be absorbed into the bloodstream

29
Q

two ways in which the products of digestion can be used by the body

A

any two from:

make new lipids, make new carbohydrates, make new proteins

30
Q

name the organ where bile is produced and the organ where it is stored

A

produced: liver
stored: gal bladder

31
Q

which organ is part of the nervous system?

A

eye

32
Q

how is the stomach adapted to digest protein? give 3

A

produces protease
produces hydrochloric acid
to provide the correct pH for the
enzyme to work

33
Q

what molecule does lipids consist of?

A

glycerol

34
Q

which enzyme is lipid molecules digested by?

A

lipase

35
Q

where do you find lipase?

A

the pancreatic fluid and the small intestine

35
Q

where do you find lipase?

A

the pancreatic fluid and the small intestine

36
Q

is bile an acid or alkaline?

A

alkaline

37
Q

finish the sentence

bile_____ stomach acid

A

neutralises

38
Q

when bile neutralises stomach acid, what does that do to the rate if lipid digestion by lipase?

A

increases

39
Q

what is metabolism?

A

sum of all the reactions in a cell or body

40
Q

at a certain temperature the enzyme is working at the fastest possible rate, what is this called?

A

optimum temperature

41
Q

if we increase the temperature what happens to the activity of the enzyme

A

it increases, the reaction gets faster

42
Q

if we increase the temperature what happens to the activity of the enzyme

A

it increases, the reaction gets faster

43
Q

if the enzyme and substrate is moving faster what happens to the collisions between the substrate and the active site?

A

there are more collisions

44
Q

if we increase the temperature past the optimum, what happens to the activity of the enzyme?

A

it decreases to zero

45
Q

explain what happens to the enzyme molecule at high temperatures?

A

the shape of the active site changes and now the substrate no longer fits perfectly into the active site so the active site is now denatured

46
Q

what happens if the active site is DENATURED

A

the enzyme can no longer catalyse the reaction

47
Q

what happens to the active site if the conditions are too acidic or too alkaline?

A

it denatures

48
Q

if the enzyme works best at an acidic ph, what type of enzyme could this be?

A

protease enzyme in the stomach

49
Q

if the enzyme works best at an alkaline ph, what type of enzyme could this be?

A

an enzyme released from the pancreas into the small intestine(eg. lipase)

50
Q

what test should you do to see if starch is present?

A

iodine

51
Q

iodine test for starch- red iodine solution turns _____ to ______ if starch is present

A

yellow turns blue/black

52
Q

what test should you do to see if sugar is present?

A

benedict’s test

53
Q

blue benedict’s solution turns _________on heating if a sugar such as glucose is present

A

brick red

54
Q

what test should you do to see if protein is present?

A

biuret test

55
Q

____ biuret turns ____ if protein is present

A

blue

purple

56
Q

what test should you do to see if lipid is present?

A

ethanol test

57
Q

ethanol added to a solution gives a _____________ if lipid is present

A

cloudy white layer

biology (6 decks)

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