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biology > chapter 1 animal and plant cells > Flashcards

chapter 1 animal and plant cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 3 structures animal cells do NOT have?

A

chloroplast
cell wall
vacuole

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2
Q

what does the nucleus do?

A

controls all the activities of the cell and hold the Genetic material

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3
Q

What’s the cytoplasm role?

A

where chemical reactions takes place

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4
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

controls the passage of substances such as GLUCOSE AND MINERAL IONS into the cell

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5
Q

What’s the role of the Ribosomes?

A

where the photosynthesis takes place and makes all the proteins needed for the cell.

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6
Q

what’s the roles of the mitochondria?

A

where the aerobic respiration takes place.

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7
Q

what’s the role of:
.cell wall
.chloroplast
.the vacuole

A

1) the cell wall is made from cellulose which strengthens the cell
2) contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis
3) filled with sap and gives the plant cell shape

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8
Q

are animal and plant cells Eukaryotes cells or prokaryotes cells?

A

Eukaryotes cells

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9
Q

what do eukaryotes do?

what do prokaryotes do? and give example of one

A

1) contain DNA enclosed in the nucleus

2) the genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus and bacterium is an example of one

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10
Q

Name three examples of animal specialised cells?

A

1) SPERM CELL
2) NERVE CELL
3) MUSCLE CELL

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11
Q

what is the job of a sperm cell?

A

the job is to join with an egg cell and during the process of fertilisation genetic info of the ovum and the sperm combine.

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12
Q

name a sperm cell features and what they do

A

1) Enzymes- allow them to digest there way through the layer of the ovum
2) mitochondria- provide energy needed for swimming
3) long tail- allows them to swim to the ovum quicker

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13
Q

What is the job of the Nerve cell?

A

the job is to send electrical impulses around the body

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14
Q

name a nerve cell features and what they do

A

Dendrites: increase the surface area so that the other nerve cells can connect more easily
Axon: carries the electrical impulses
Myelin: insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses
synapses: junctions which allow to the impulse to pass from one nerve cell to another

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15
Q

what is the job of the muscle cell and what are its features/what do they do?

A

Muscle cells work together to form Muscle Tissue
Mitochondria: provides energy for the muscle contraction
Protein fibres: can change the muscle cell’s length

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16
Q

What role do root hair cells do? and what don’t they contain and what do they contain

A

It increases the surface area of the root to absorb minerals and ions they do not contain chloroplasts because they are underground, they do contain nucleus and vacuole

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17
Q

Where are xylems?

A

long, hollow, tubes which transport minerals and ions from the roots to the leaf

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18
Q

what do xylem cells have none of and why is it easier?

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuole or chloroplast, that makes it easier for water and minerals to flow

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19
Q

what do phloem tubes carry?

A

dissolved sugars up and down the plant

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20
Q

What do phloem vessels have none of?

A

no nucleus and only limited cytoplasm

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21
Q

What is the meaning of diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the spreading out of particles resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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22
Q

what are cells are surrounded by and what’s it transported in?

A

surrounded by a high concentration of oxygen and is transported in the bloodstream

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23
Q

what is the oxygen used to generate?

A

it is used to generate energy in respiration and this produces the waste gas in carbon dioxide. the carbon dioxide moves out of the cell by diffusion

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24
Q

what is urea and how is it produced and where does it diffuse?

A

urea is a waste product produced inside the cells, it diffuses out of the cells into the blood plasma and is entered by the kidneys

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25
Q

is diffusion from a higher concentration to a low concentration or a low concentration to a high concentration?

A

diffusion is from a higher concentration to a low concentration

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26
Q

Finish the sentence…

The higher the temperature the __________ the rate of diffusion that is because____________ and are moving _______

A

the greater the rate of diffusion that is because the particles have more kinetic energy and are moving faster

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27
Q

Finish the sentence:

If the cell membrane has a much larger surface area that means the rate of diffusion is _______

A

greater

28
Q

what is osmosis?

A

the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution

29
Q

finish the sentence

partially permeable membranes allow _____ molecules to pass through

A

some

30
Q

what happens if you put a animal cell in water?

A

the water moving by osmosis will cause the cell to expand and it could burst

31
Q

what happens if you put an animal cell in a very concentrated solution?

A

the water will move out of the cell by osmosis and the cell will shrink

32
Q

what happens if you put a plant cell in water?

A

the plant cell will expand but it will not burst because it has a cell wall instead it becomes swollen

33
Q

what happens if you put a plant cell in a very concentrated solution?

A

it will shrink

34
Q

finish the sentence

diluter solutions contain a _____ concentration of water

A

high

35
Q

finish the sentence

concentrated solutions contain a ______ concentration of water

A

low

36
Q

what is active transport?

A

moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution

37
Q

name 2 differences between diffusion and active transport

A

1) in diffusion particles move DOWN the concentrated gradient and in active transport particles move against the concentration gradient
2) diffusion does NOT require energy from respiration and active transport does

38
Q

finish the sentence
in the lumen of the small intestine, sugars cannot ______ into the cell so instead they are carried in by __________ once inside sugars can be transported _______ and _____________

A

sugars cannot diffuse into the cell so instead they are carried in by active transport once inside sugars can be transported into the blood and carried around the body

39
Q

finish the sentence
in the root hair cells, active transport is used to move _______ into the cell, they are then transported to ___________ and moved to the _____

A

1) move the ions
2) xylem vessels
3) leaf

40
Q

where do we find chromosomes and what are they made out of

A

we find them in the nucleus and they are made out of DNA

41
Q

how many chromosomes do body cells contain?

A

2

42
Q

how many chromosomes pairs are there in the human body?

A

23

43
Q

what do chromosomes carry?

A

genes

44
Q

complete the sentence

cells have to be able to _______. That is called a ________

A

divide

cell cycle

45
Q

what happens in the first stage of the cell cycle?

A

DNA replicates to form two copies of chromosomes and the cell crows and copies its internal structure

46
Q

what happens in the second stage of the cell cycle?

A

Mitosis takes place. One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell. the nucleus also divides.

47
Q

what happens in the final stage of the cell cycle?

A

the cytoplasm and the cell membrane divide to form two identical cells.

48
Q

what is mitosis essential for?

A

growth and development of the multicellular organisms

49
Q

what takes place if a organism needs to repair itself?

A

mitosis

50
Q

what takes place during asexual reproduction?

A

mitosis

51
Q

which of these statements are correct?

1) stem cells are extracted from bone marrow
2) stem cells are differentiated cells
3) stem cells can be found in ever organ of the body
4) stem cells can differentiate into many types of body cell

A

4)stem cells can differentiate into many types of body cell

52
Q

why can’t all body cells be used to grow different type of cell?

A

because body cells that are already differentiated are not capable of changing into any other type of cells

53
Q

why are stem cells cloned?

A

to increase the number of cells available for use

54
Q

name one medical condition that may be helped by treatment using stem cells

A

diabetes/paralysis

55
Q

what’s one potential risk of using stem cells in medical treatments?

A

the donor might be infected with a virus and pass/transfer it on to the patient

56
Q

what is therapeutic cloning?

A

the production of an embryo with the same genes as a patient

57
Q

what is the benefit of using therapeutic cloning for medical treatments compared to stem cells from a donor?

A

the body will not reject the stem cell because they contain the same genes as the patient

58
Q

name the molecule that makes us chromosome

A

DNA

59
Q

why is mitosis important to organisms?

A

for growth
development
asexual reproduction
repair cells/tissues

60
Q

describe the process at which water enters the cell

A

osmosis, water moves from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

61
Q

what does the axon do?

A

axon: carries the electrical impulses

62
Q

what does the myelin do?

A

Myelin: insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses

63
Q

what does the synapses do?

A

synapses: junctions which allow to the impulse to pass from one nerve cell to another

64
Q

what does the dendrites do?

A

Dendrites: increase the surface area so

65
Q

what are palisade cells?

A

packed with chloroplast because they are at the top of the leaf to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis

66
Q

what are guard cells?

A

open and close stomata to allow gases in and out of the leaf

biology (6 decks)

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