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Science Y9 > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define cells.

A

Building blocks of all living things.

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2
Q

Define tissues.

A

Group of similar cells working together to carry out a specific function.

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3
Q

Define an organ.

A

Different tissues working together to carry out a specific function.

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4
Q

Define an organ system.

A

Organs working together to carry out a specific function.

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5
Q

What happens in physical (mechanical) digestion?

A

Food is broken down into smaller pieces. This increases surface area of the food therefore facilitating chemical digestion by the enzymes.
Occurs in two ways:
- chewing action in mouth with help from the teeth.
- peristalsis = walls of the oesophagi, stomach and intestine.
There is no chemical change of food.

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6
Q

What happens in chemical digestion?

A

Breaking down of large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules.
Enzymes are required so food is chemically changed.

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7
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder in the digestive system?

A

Stores bile before releasing it into the duodenum.

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8
Q

What is bile?

A

a substance produced by the liver. It emulsifies fats to prepare them for digestion.

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9
Q

What is the role of the mouth in digestion?

A

Food enters, physical digestion begins.

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10
Q

What is the purpose of salivary glands in the digestive system?

A

Produce saliva and amylase (breaks down starch)

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the oesophagus in the digestive system?

A

Transfers food to stomach from mouth by peristalsis.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the stomach in the digestive system?

A

Mixes food with acid and enzymes - food broken down by acid and enzymes.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the small intestine in digestion?

A

Absorbs nutrients and minerals from food. Also digests food using enzymes.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the large intestine in the digestive system?

A

Absorbs water.

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15
Q

what is the purpose of the liver in the digestive system?

A

Creates bile which is then transported to the gall bladder. Liver also neutralises acid in the small intestine and emulsifies fat.

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16
Q

What are the food groups?

A 
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
Fibre
Water
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17
Q

What are broken down carbohydrates called?

A

Simple sugars

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18
Q

Describe the chemistry of lipids.

A

They are made of 3 molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol. (The fatty acids three molecules can change but there will always be one molecule of glycerol.)

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19
Q

What is the subunit of proteins?

A

Amino acids.

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20
Q

What is the purpose of carbohydrates?

A

Energy to our bodies.

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21
Q

What is the purpose of fat?

A

Energy, insulate against cold

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22
Q

What is the purpose of proteins?

A

Growth and repair.

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23
Q

What is the purpose of minerals?

A

Help normal functioning of the body.

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24
Q

What is the purpose of vitamins?

A

Protect from sickness

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25
Q

What is the purpose of fibre?

A

Moves food down in the intestines.

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26
Q

What is the purpose of water?

A

Get rid of waste, needed for cells.

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27
Q

How do you test for starch?

A

Iodine drop solution

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28
Q

How do you test for simple sugars?

A

Blue Benedict’s solution

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29
Q

How do you test for protein?

A

Biuret

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30
Q

How do you test for lipids?

A

Ethanol

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31
Q

Define enzymes.

A

Biological catalysts that speed up a reaction.

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32
Q

What does every enzyme have?

A

An active site.

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33
Q

How many types of molecule can each enzyme break down?

A

Only one.

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34
Q

What is the first step of an enzyme cycle?

A

Substrate molecules move towards active site in the enzyme.

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35
Q

What is the second step of an enzyme cycle?

A

The substance fits into the active site.

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36
Q

What is the third step of an enzyme cycle?

A

Reaction occurs, products are made (molecule is broken down and split.)

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37
Q

What is the fourth and last step of an enzyme cycle?

A

Product molecules do not fit into the active site any more so they are released.

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38
Q

What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic enzymes?

A

Anabolic - building bigger molecules from smaller ones

Catabolic - breaking bigger molecules down into smaller ones

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39
Q

What us an optimum condition?

A

Conditions when an enzyme reaction is going as rapidly as possible.

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40
Q

What is the optimum temperature for enzymes?

A

40’C

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41
Q

What is the purpose of artery/vein/blood vessels?

A

Carry everything around the body

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42
Q

What is the purpose of red blood cells?

A

Transport oxygen

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43
Q

What is the purpose of white blood cells?

A

Fight infections

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44
Q

What is the purpose of plasma?

A

Transports nutrients, waste etc. around the body (carry everything except oxygen)

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45
Q

What is the purpose of platelets?

A

Blood clotting at injury sites

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46
Q

Define blood plasma.

A

A yellow liquid that transports everything you need around your body

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47
Q

What is blood made of?

A

55% plasma
<1% platelets and blood cells
45% red blood cells

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48
Q

How have red blood cells adapted to their function?

A

No nucleus => more space (maximise surface area)
Biconcave => faster oxygen (maximise surface area)
Lots of haemoglobin => binds to oxygen

49
Q

How have white blood cells adapted to their function?

A

Some produce antibodies to kill invading microorganisms, other can engulf foreign bodies.

50
Q

How have platelets adapted to their function?

A

No nucleus

Form a scab.

51
Q

How have plasma adapted to its function?

A

It is largely water which can dissolve a wide range of substances

52
Q

What is the purpose of a tough outer layer?

A

Resists pressure changes within and outside

53
Q

What is the purpose of a muscle layer?

A

Contract to control blood flow

54
Q

What is the purpose of the elastic layer?

A

Maintain blood pressure by stretching and springing back.

55
Q

What is the purpose of the thin inner lining? (Endothelium)

A

Smooth (prevents friction), thin (allows diffusion)

56
Q

What is the purpose of the lumen?

A

Central cavity through which the blood flows.

57
Q

What are the walls of arteries like?

A

Thick with layers of muscles and elastic

58
Q

What are the walls capillaries like?

A

Thin, single celled

59
Q

What are the walls of veins like?

A

Thin elastic and muscle layers.

60
Q

What is the direction of the flow of arteries?

A

Away from the heart.

61
Q

What is the direction of the flow of the capillaries?

A

Through tissues

62
Q

What is the direction of flow of the veins?

A

Towards the heart

63
Q

Is the blood that flows through the arteries oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Oxygenated (except pulmonary arteries)

64
Q

Is the blood flowing through the capillaries oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Oxygenated at the start, deoxygenated at the end.

65
Q

Is the blood flowing through the veins oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Deoxygenated

66
Q

Are valves present in arteries?

A

Not present

67
Q

Are valves present in capillaries?

A

Not present

68
Q

Are valves present in veins?

A

Present

69
Q

What is the purpose of the right and left atrium?

A

Where blood collects to enter the heart (right atrium = deoxygenated,, left atrium = oxygenated)
Pump blood to the ventricles

70
Q

What is the purpose of the right ventricle?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

71
Q

What is the purpose of the left ventricle?

A

Pump oxygenated blood around the body

72
Q

What is the purpose of the valves?

A

Ensure that blood goes the right way.

73
Q

What is a leaky valve?

A

Blood flows in the wrong direction and the heart is less efficient.

74
Q

Give the advantages and disadvantages of mechanical valves and biological valves.

A

Biological valves:
Advantage=blood doesn’t clot
Disadvantage=needs to be replaces every ten years

Mechanical valves:
Advantage=more durable
Disadvantage=lifelong warfarin therapy to prevent clots

75
Q

Where is the natural pace maker?

A

The right atrium

76
Q

Where are artificial pacemakers found?

A

Implanted under skin where it connects with the right atrium and cures irregular heartbeats

77
Q

What is the difference between respiration and breathing?

A

Breathing-the inhalation and exhalation of air

Respiration-the process by which we get energy from food. The food is in the form of glucose.

78
Q

Where is he breathing system found?

A

In the thorax, protected by the ribs

79
Q

What are the respiratory system and the digestive separated by?

A

The diaphragm

80
Q

What happens when you breathe in?

A

Diaphragm contracts
Ribs go outwards
Intercostal muscles contract
Pressure increases

81
Q

What happens when you breathe out?

A

Diaphragm relaxes
Ribs go inwards
Intercostal muscles relax
Pressure decreases

82
Q

What are the adaptations of the alveoli?

A
  • only one cell thick => easy diffusion
  • covered by capillaries => gas pass almost directly between lungs and bloodstream
  • moist => gas molecules easily dissolve
  • large combined surface area => many gases exchanged with each breath.
83
Q

What is the function and adaptation of the waxy cuticle and epidermis?

A

Function:
Reduces the rate of water loss from the leaf surface
Adaptation:
Large surface area

84
Q

What is the function and adaptation of the palisade tissue?

A

Function:
Photosynthesis - light absorption
Adaptation:
Large vacuole and many chloroplasts

85
Q

What is the function and adaptation of the spongy mesothelioma and airspaces?

A

Function:
Allow interchange of gases
Adaptation:
Large surface are and few chloroplasts

86
Q

What is the function and adaptation of the guard cells?

A

Function:
Open and close stomata to regulate transpiration
Adaptation:
Allowing gas exchange and controlling water loss

87
Q

What is the function and adaptation of stomata?

A

Function:
Holes in leaf to allow gases intake
(No adaptation)

88
Q

What is the difference in flow of phloem and xylem vessels?

A

Xylem vessels: one way flow, water and minerals

Phloem vessels: two way flow, sugar

89
Q

Define transpiration

A

Movement of water from roots to leaves.

90
Q

Define translocation

A

Movement of sugar.

91
Q

Are there any forces involved in translocation?

A

No forces are involved.

92
Q

What method of diffusion does translocation use?

A

Active transport

93
Q

What is xylem made of?

A

Dead cells

94
Q

What is phloem made of?

A

Living cells

95
Q

What is the cell wall of xylem made of?

A

Lignin

96
Q

What are phloem cell walls made of?

A

Cellulose

97
Q

Do xylem contain cytoplasm?

A

No

98
Q

Describe phloem cell walls.

A

Permeable

99
Q

What does the xylem transport?

A

Water and minerals

100
Q

What does phloem transport?

A

Transports food

101
Q

Is the xylem cell wall thick or thin?

A

Thick

102
Q

Is the phloem cell wall thick or thin?

A

Thin

103
Q

What way is the direction of flow of the xylem?

A

Upward

104
Q

What is the direction of flow of the phloem?

A

Up and down

105
Q

By which process does a leaf release oxygen during photosynthesis?

A

Diffusion

106
Q

Define disease.

A

When there is something wrong with the body that has particular signs and symptoms depending on the type of disease.

107
Q

Define health.

A

A state of physical, mental and social wellbeing, not just the absence of disease

108
Q

Define communicable diseases.

A

Diseases caused by pathogens that can be passed from one organism to another

109
Q

Define non communicable diseases.

A

Are not infections, not caused by other pathogens and cannot be passed from one organism to another

110
Q

Define nicotine.

A

A powerful fast-acting and addictive drug which reaches your brain in seven seconds. It increases heart rate and raises blood pressure.

111
Q

Define carbon monoxide.

A

A colourless poisonous gas found in high concentrations of tobacco smoke. When you inhale it enters your bloodstream and interferes with the working of your heart and blood vessels.

112
Q

Define tar.

A

A sticky brown substance that forms when tobacco cools and thickens. It collects in your lungs and can cause cancer.

113
Q

Define carcinogens.

A

Substances capable of causing cancer in living tissue.

114
Q

What happens to cilia in the trachea when they are met with the chemicals in tobacco smoke?

A

They are anaesthetised.

115
Q

What happens if you take in more energy than you need?

A

Energy turns into and is stored as fat.

116
Q

What is the formula for Body Mass Index?

A

Mass in kg/(height in m)^2

CAN NOT BE USED ON CHILDREN

117
Q

Define cirrhosis.

A

When the liver hasn’t been able to do its job because the intake of alcohol is too high.

118
Q

What does alcohol do to the brain?

A

Causes the brain to shrink. Also causes less brain activity.

Science Y9 (5 decks)

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