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Science Y9 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls activities in cell.

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2
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell.

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3
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Most chemical reactions happen here.

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4
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Protects and keeps the structure of the cell.

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5
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Makes protein.

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6
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Where photosynthesis happens.

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7
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Maintains cell structure.

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8
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Transfers energy through respiration.

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9
Q

What is the formula for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water

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10
Q

What is the order off bigness?

A

Cell>tissue>organ>organ system>organisms

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11
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Transports oxygen.

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12
Q

What is the function of the nerve cell?

A

Carry electrical impulses around the body.

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13
Q

What function of the sperm cell?

A

To fertilise the egg.

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14
Q

What is the function of ciliated cell?

A

Removes mucus.

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15
Q

What is the function of the muscle cell?

A

Can contract and relax.

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16
Q

What is the function of the palisade cell?

A

Absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis.

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17
Q

What is different between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell DNA?

A 
Eukaryotic = DNA in nucleus
Prokaryotic = have free DNA (not in nucleus)
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18
Q

What organelles can be found in prokaryotic cells?

A

Only ribosomes

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19
Q

Are animal and plant cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

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20
Q

What type of cell was the first to appear on the earth?

A

Prokaryotic

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21
Q

What type of cell is bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic

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22
Q

Which type of cell is a single celled organism?

A

Prokaryotic

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23
Q

Why do eukaryote cells have extra things attached, for example flagellum or cilia?

A

Because they have organised DNA

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24
Q

Organelle definition

A

Tiny organs in the cells

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25
Q

What does the prefix nano mean?

A

10^-9

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26
Q

What does the prefix micro mean?

A

10^-6

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27
Q

What does the prefix milli mean?

A

10^-3

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28
Q

What does the prefix centi mean?

A

10^-2

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29
Q

What is the definition of magnification?

A

How much bigger a sample appears to be under a microscope than it is in real life

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30
Q

What is the definition of resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish between two points on an image- the amount of detail.

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31
Q

What is the formula for total magnification?

A

Object magnification x eyepiece magnification

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32
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

Image size/actual size

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33
Q

How has the structure of red blood cells link to their function?

A
  • no nucleus so it can carry more haemoglobin around the body
  • bioconcave increase surface area
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34
Q

How does the structure of the nerve cell link to its function?

A
  • lots of dentrites to connect to other nerve cells
  • axons carry nerve impulses from one part to another
  • the synapses (end) pass impulses to another cell using special transmitter chemicals
35
Q

How does the structure of the sperm cell link to its function?

A
  • long tail to help it to move
  • full of mitochondria in the middle
  • large nucleus
36
Q

How does the structure of the ciliated cell link to its function?

A
  • tiny hair on surface of cell=flagella

- hairs sweep mucus

37
Q

How does the structure of the muscle cell link to its function?

A
  • contain special proteins that slide over each other making the fibres contract
  • contain many mitochondria
  • store glycogen
38
Q

How does the structure of the palisade cell link to its function?

A
  • contain chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis
  • positioned in the leaves and outer stem
  • large vacuole
39
Q

What is the definition of mitosis?

A

Process that replaces worn out cells or help organisms to grow

40
Q

What is the definition for stem cells?

A

Cells that have not yet differentiated to become specialised cells

41
Q

What is the definition for potency?

A

A measure of how many types of cell a stem cell can make

42
Q

What is the definition for pluripotent?

A

Can make all types of specialised cell in the body. Embryonic cells are pluripotent

43
Q

What is the definition of multi potent?

A

Cells that can make multiple specialised cells but not all types. Tissue stem cells are multipotent.

44
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells found?

A

In an embryo

45
Q

How are embryonic stem cells obtained?

A

Taken from embryo using a needle

46
Q

What can an embryonic stem cell become?

A

Any type of specialised cell

47
Q

What are the advantages of embryonic stem cells?

A

They can produce any cell and cure diseases

Can test drugs

48
Q

Disadvantages of embryonic stem cells?

A

Taken from living human embryos used for ivf

Embryo destroyed in process

49
Q

Where is the adult stem cell found?

A

Eye surface, brain, breast, intestines, skin, testicles, bone marrow, muscles

50
Q

How is it the adult stem cell obtained?

A

Taken from bone marrow

51
Q

What can an adult stem cell become?

A

Has limited differentiation

52
Q

What are the advantages of adult stem cells?

A

Allow treatment or can even cure some diseases
Test drugs
Consent can be given for the procedure

53
Q

Disadvantages of the adult stem cells?

A

Painful

Limited differentiation

54
Q

How would you describe a cell membrane?

A

Partially permeable

55
Q

Can diffusion happen in solids?

56
Q

Define diffusion

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

57
Q

Is diffusion passive or active?

A

Passive - it needs no energy and is automatic

58
Q

Concentration gradient of diffusion?

A

High to low

59
Q

Osmosis concentration gradient?

A

High to low

Passive

60
Q

Is a membrane needed for diffusion?

61
Q

Is a membrane needed for osmosis?

A

Yes, semipermeable

62
Q

Active transport concentration gradient?

A

Low to high

Active

63
Q

Is a membrane needed for active transport?

A

Semi permeable

64
Q

Where does the energy needed for the active process of active transport come from?

A

Mitochondria

65
Q

What does aq stand for in chemical equations?

A

Aqueous = dissolves in solution

66
Q

What does the period an element is in determine?

A

How many shells in the electron configuration

67
Q

What does the group an element is in define?

A

Electron number on the outer shell

68
Q

Describe the density in group 8 elements and electrons on the outer shell

A 
As you go down the group the density increases
Full valence (outer shell) electrons
69
Q

Isotope definition

A

an element with the same number of protons and electrons, and different numbers of neutrons

70
Q

What does the larger number mean in an element abbreviation on the periodic table?

A

Mass number = no. of protons + no. of electrons

71
Q

What does the smaller number mean in an element abbreviation on the periodic table?

A

atomic number = no. of protons

72
Q

How do you calculate the number of electrons in an element?

A

Mass number - atomic
OR
Same as proton number (atomic number)

73
Q

How do you calculate neutrons in an element?

A

Mass number - atomic number

74
Q

Features of non metals

A

Do not combust or form compounds with other elements
Very stable - full outer shell
Monoatomic non-metal gases at room temperature
Low boiling points

75
Q

Features of metals

A 
Sonorous
Electrical conductors
Ductile
Malleable
Flexible
Lustrous-shiny when polished or freshly cut
Thermal conductors
76
Q

Why does the boiling point of group seven metals increase as you go down the group?

A

Because the outer shell is further away from the positive nucleus as you go down the group so the attraction reduces.

77
Q

Features of group 7

A

Diatomic - come in pairs
Volatile - evaporates quickly
More reactive halogen will displace a less reactive halogen from an aqueous metal halide

78
Q

Describe what halogens want and what they need to do to achieve this

A

They have seven electrons on their outer shell an only need 1 more to get to a full outer shell so therefore react a lot

79
Q

Halogens + metal -> ?

A

Metal halide (salt)

80
Q

Sublimation definition

A

Solid -> gas

81
Q

Deposition / desublimation definition

A

Gas -> solid

82
Q

Explain

Iodine + sodium chloride -> no reaction

A

Chlorine maintains its hold on the metal. Iodine is unable to displace chlorine from chlorine from sodium chloride. Chlorine is more reactive than iodine.

83
Q

Features of group 1 elements / alkali metals

A

Very reactive and have to be stored in oil if not will react with atmospheric gas (oxygen) and water vapour
Similar properties because only 1 electron on outer shell => need to get rid of one to become stable
More reactive as you go down because the murther away the outer shell is from the nucleus the easier it is to lose 1 electron
When electron is lost becomes a positive ion.

84
Q

What is the charge for protons, electrons, neutrons?

A 
Proton = +1
Electron = -1
Neutron = 1/2000 or 0

Science Y9 (5 decks)

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