Cells Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
What is the function of the nucleus?
A
Controls activities in cell.
2
Q
What is the function of the cell membrane?
A
Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
3
Q
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
A
Most chemical reactions happen here.
4
Q
What is the function of the cell wall?
A
Protects and keeps the structure of the cell.
5
Q
What is the function of ribosomes?
A
Makes protein.
6
Q
What is the function of chloroplasts?
A
Where photosynthesis happens.
7
Q
What is the function of the vacuole?
A
Maintains cell structure.
8
Q
What is the function of the mitochondria?
A
Transfers energy through respiration.
9
Q
What is the formula for aerobic respiration?
A
Glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water
10
Q
What is the order off bigness?
A
Cell>tissue>organ>organ system>organisms
11
Q
What is the function of red blood cells?
A
Transports oxygen.
12
Q
What is the function of the nerve cell?
A
Carry electrical impulses around the body.
13
Q
What function of the sperm cell?
A
To fertilise the egg.
14
Q
What is the function of ciliated cell?
A
Removes mucus.
15
Q
What is the function of the muscle cell?
A
Can contract and relax.
16
Q
What is the function of the palisade cell?
A
Absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis.
17
Q
What is different between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell DNA?
A
Eukaryotic = DNA in nucleus Prokaryotic = have free DNA (not in nucleus)
18
Q
What organelles can be found in prokaryotic cells?
A
Only ribosomes
19
Q
Are animal and plant cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
A
Eukaryotic
20
Q
What type of cell was the first to appear on the earth?
A
Prokaryotic
21
Q
What type of cell is bacteria?
A
Prokaryotic
22
Q
Which type of cell is a single celled organism?
A
Prokaryotic
23
Q
Why do eukaryote cells have extra things attached, for example flagellum or cilia?
A
Because they have organised DNA
24
Q
Organelle definition
A
Tiny organs in the cells
25
What does the prefix nano mean?
10^-9
26
What does the prefix micro mean?
10^-6
27
What does the prefix milli mean?
10^-3
28
What does the prefix centi mean?
10^-2
29
What is the definition of magnification?
How much bigger a sample appears to be under a microscope than it is in real life
30
What is the definition of resolution?
The ability to distinguish between two points on an image- the amount of detail.
31
What is the formula for total magnification?
Object magnification x eyepiece magnification
32
What is the formula for magnification?
Image size/actual size
33
How has the structure of red blood cells link to their function?
- no nucleus so it can carry more haemoglobin around the body
- bioconcave increase surface area
34
How does the structure of the nerve cell link to its function?
- lots of dentrites to connect to other nerve cells
- axons carry nerve impulses from one part to another
- the synapses (end) pass impulses to another cell using special transmitter chemicals
35
How does the structure of the sperm cell link to its function?
- long tail to help it to move
- full of mitochondria in the middle
- large nucleus
36
How does the structure of the ciliated cell link to its function?
- tiny hair on surface of cell=flagella
| - hairs sweep mucus
37
How does the structure of the muscle cell link to its function?
- contain special proteins that slide over each other making the fibres contract
- contain many mitochondria
- store glycogen
38
How does the structure of the palisade cell link to its function?
- contain chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis
- positioned in the leaves and outer stem
- large vacuole
39
What is the definition of mitosis?
Process that replaces worn out cells or help organisms to grow
40
What is the definition for stem cells?
Cells that have not yet differentiated to become specialised cells
41
What is the definition for potency?
A measure of how many types of cell a stem cell can make
42
What is the definition for pluripotent?
Can make all types of specialised cell in the body. Embryonic cells are pluripotent
43
What is the definition of multi potent?
Cells that can make multiple specialised cells but not all types. Tissue stem cells are multipotent.
44
Where are embryonic stem cells found?
In an embryo
45
How are embryonic stem cells obtained?
Taken from embryo using a needle
46
What can an embryonic stem cell become?
Any type of specialised cell
47
What are the advantages of embryonic stem cells?
They can produce any cell and cure diseases
| Can test drugs
48
Disadvantages of embryonic stem cells?
Taken from living human embryos used for ivf
| Embryo destroyed in process
49
Where is the adult stem cell found?
Eye surface, brain, breast, intestines, skin, testicles, bone marrow, muscles
50
How is it the adult stem cell obtained?
Taken from bone marrow
51
What can an adult stem cell become?
Has limited differentiation
52
What are the advantages of adult stem cells?
Allow treatment or can even cure some diseases
Test drugs
Consent can be given for the procedure
53
Disadvantages of the adult stem cells?
Painful
| Limited differentiation
54
How would you describe a cell membrane?
Partially permeable
55
Can diffusion happen in solids?
No
56
Define diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
57
Is diffusion passive or active?
Passive - it needs no energy and is automatic
58
Concentration gradient of diffusion?
High to low
59
Osmosis concentration gradient?
High to low
| Passive
60
Is a membrane needed for diffusion?
No
61
Is a membrane needed for osmosis?
Yes, semipermeable
62
Active transport concentration gradient?
Low to high
| Active
63
Is a membrane needed for active transport?
Semi permeable
64
Where does the energy needed for the active process of active transport come from?
Mitochondria
65
What does aq stand for in chemical equations?
Aqueous = dissolves in solution
66
What does the period an element is in determine?
How many shells in the electron configuration
67
What does the group an element is in define?
Electron number on the outer shell
68
Describe the density in group 8 elements and electrons on the outer shell
```
As you go down the group the density increases
Full valence (outer shell) electrons
```
69
Isotope definition
an element with the same number of protons and electrons, and different numbers of neutrons
70
What does the larger number mean in an element abbreviation on the periodic table?
Mass number = no. of protons + no. of electrons
71
What does the smaller number mean in an element abbreviation on the periodic table?
atomic number = no. of protons
72
How do you calculate the number of electrons in an element?
Mass number - atomic
OR
Same as proton number (atomic number)
73
How do you calculate neutrons in an element?
Mass number - atomic number
74
Features of non metals
Do not combust or form compounds with other elements
Very stable - full outer shell
Monoatomic non-metal gases at room temperature
Low boiling points
75
Features of metals
```
Sonorous
Electrical conductors
Ductile
Malleable
Flexible
Lustrous-shiny when polished or freshly cut
Thermal conductors
```
76
Why does the boiling point of group seven metals increase as you go down the group?
Because the outer shell is further away from the positive nucleus as you go down the group so the attraction reduces.
77
Features of group 7
Diatomic - come in pairs
Volatile - evaporates quickly
More reactive halogen will displace a less reactive halogen from an aqueous metal halide
78
Describe what halogens want and what they need to do to achieve this
They have seven electrons on their outer shell an only need 1 more to get to a full outer shell so therefore react a lot
79
Halogens + metal -> ?
Metal halide (salt)
80
Sublimation definition
Solid -> gas
81
Deposition / desublimation definition
Gas -> solid
82
Explain
| Iodine + sodium chloride -> no reaction
Chlorine maintains its hold on the metal. Iodine is unable to displace chlorine from chlorine from sodium chloride. Chlorine is more reactive than iodine.
83
Features of group 1 elements / alkali metals
Very reactive and have to be stored in oil if not will react with atmospheric gas (oxygen) and water vapour
Similar properties because only 1 electron on outer shell => need to get rid of one to become stable
More reactive as you go down because the murther away the outer shell is from the nucleus the easier it is to lose 1 electron
When electron is lost becomes a positive ion.
84
What is the charge for protons, electrons, neutrons?
```
Proton = +1
Electron = -1
Neutron = 1/2000 or 0
```
