Organisation Flashcards
explain gas exchange in the alveoli?
- blood passing through the alveoli contains a lot of carbon dioxide and very little oxygen
- oxygen diffuses out from the alveolus into the blood (high to low concentration)
OXYGEN OUT of the alveolus
CARBON DIOXIDE IN the alveolus
food test for lipids?
- food sample into test tube
- and sudan III stain soloution
- gently shake
- solution will separate into two layers
RED TOP LAYER
test for protein?
- food sample into a test tube
- add biuret solution
-gently shake
BLUE ——-> PINK/PURPLE
food test for starch?
- food sample into test tube
- add IODINE SOLUTION and gently shake
BROWNY ORANGE —-> BLACK/BLUE
food test for sugars?
Benedict solution - test tube with food sample and benedict solution into water bath.
BLUE ——-> BRICK RED
where is bile stored? produced?and released ?
produced: liver
stored: gall bladder
released: small intestine
what is the purpose of bile?
- neutralises stomach acid
- breaks fat down into tiny droplets
LIPASE:
LIPIDS ——–> fatty acids and glycerol
PROTEASE:
PROTEIN ——> amino acids
AMYLASE:
found in - salivary glands - pancreas - small intestine
STARCH ——–> maltose
what are CARBOHYDRASE ?
one example of a carbohydrase is amylase.
CARBOHYDRATES ——-> simple sugars
what is the equation for rate?
rate= 1000/time
what are enzymes ?
enzymes are biological catalyst
similar cells are organised into _____
tissue
different tissue is a ______
organ
organs are organised into ______
organ systems
what is the purpose of valves?
valves avoid blood flowing backwards - 4 chambers
how does blood flow through the heart ?
1) blood flow into the atria from the vena cave and pulmonary vein
2) atria contract to prevent backwards flow
3) ventricles contract so blood goes into the pulmonary artery
4) aorta
5) through the organs through the arteries and return through the veins
what are the three different types of blood vessels ?
ARTERIES: carry blood AWAY
CAPILLARIES: involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues
VEINS: carry blood TO the heart
ARTERIES:
- pump blood out at high pressure
- thick walls
- thick layer of muscle (elastic/stretch)
CAPILLARIES:
- walls are one cells thick
- small lumen (hole down the middle)
- exchange substances with in cells in the body
- permeable walls so diffusion can take place
- supply food and oxygen, take away wast (carbon dioxide)
VEINS:
- lower pressure so has thinner walls than arteries
- large lumen
valves to avoid back flow
what are red blood cells ?
- carry oxygen around the body
- large surface area
- contain haemoglobin
what are white blood cells?
- they defend against infection
- they can engulf unwanted microorganisms
- produce antibodies
- have a nucleus
what are platelets?
- help blood clot
- have no nucleus
- lack of platelets can cause excessive bleeding or bruising
what is plasma ?
- carries red, white blood cells, platelets, nutrients, glucose, amino acids, hormones and protein
- urea from the liver to the kidneys
what are effects of coronary heart disease?
- coronary arteries get clogged up by fatty materials
- causes arteries to narrow and become restricted
so there is a lack of oxygen - can lead to heart attacks
how can you help open arteries?
STENTS
they are tubes that are inserted inside the arteries
they make sure blood can pass through to the heart muscles and lower the risk or heart attacks
however there can be complications such as infection or blood clots
how can cholesterol in the blood be reduced?
STATINS
it is a drug that reduces cholesterol present in the blood stream and slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming
what is a communicable disease?
a disease that can spread between people (or animals)
- contagious
eg. Malaria or Measles
what is a pathogen ?
a microorganism that cause a disease
what are factors that can increase chance of getting disease?
- lifestyle
- environment eg. air pollution
- smoking / alcohol
- lack of exercise
what does the phloem transport?
food - dissolved sugars
TRANSLOCATION
what does the xylem do?
takes water up
carry water and minerals from root to stem and leaves
TRANSPIRATION
what is transpiration?
water loss from a plant caused by the evaporation and diffusion of water from a plants surface
what effects the rate of transpiration?
- light intensity
- temperature
- air flow
- humidity
what can be used in an experiment for the rate of transpiration?
POTOMETER
