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Biology- GCSE/AQA > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

explain gas exchange in the alveoli?

A
  • blood passing through the alveoli contains a lot of carbon dioxide and very little oxygen
  • oxygen diffuses out from the alveolus into the blood (high to low concentration)
    OXYGEN OUT of the alveolus
    CARBON DIOXIDE IN the alveolus
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2
Q

food test for lipids?

A
  • food sample into test tube
  • and sudan III stain soloution
  • gently shake
  • solution will separate into two layers
    RED TOP LAYER
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3
Q

test for protein?

A
  • food sample into a test tube
  • add biuret solution
    -gently shake
    BLUE ——-> PINK/PURPLE
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4
Q

food test for starch?

A
  • food sample into test tube
  • add IODINE SOLUTION and gently shake
    BROWNY ORANGE —-> BLACK/BLUE
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5
Q

food test for sugars?

A

Benedict solution - test tube with food sample and benedict solution into water bath.
BLUE ——-> BRICK RED

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6
Q

where is bile stored? produced?and released ?

A

produced: liver
stored: gall bladder
released: small intestine

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7
Q

what is the purpose of bile?

A
  • neutralises stomach acid

- breaks fat down into tiny droplets

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8
Q

LIPASE:

A

LIPIDS ——–> fatty acids and glycerol

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9
Q

PROTEASE:

A

PROTEIN ——> amino acids

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10
Q

AMYLASE:

A

found in - salivary glands - pancreas - small intestine

STARCH ——–> maltose

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11
Q

what are CARBOHYDRASE ?

A

one example of a carbohydrase is amylase.

CARBOHYDRATES ——-> simple sugars

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12
Q

what is the equation for rate?

A

rate= 1000/time

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13
Q

what are enzymes ?

A

enzymes are biological catalyst

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14
Q

similar cells are organised into _____

A

tissue

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15
Q

different tissue is a ______

A

organ

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16
Q

organs are organised into ______

A

organ systems

17
Q

what is the purpose of valves?

A

valves avoid blood flowing backwards - 4 chambers

18
Q

how does blood flow through the heart ?

A

1) blood flow into the atria from the vena cave and pulmonary vein
2) atria contract to prevent backwards flow
3) ventricles contract so blood goes into the pulmonary artery
4) aorta
5) through the organs through the arteries and return through the veins

19
Q

what are the three different types of blood vessels ?

A

ARTERIES: carry blood AWAY
CAPILLARIES: involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues
VEINS: carry blood TO the heart

20
Q

ARTERIES:

A
  • pump blood out at high pressure
  • thick walls
  • thick layer of muscle (elastic/stretch)
21
Q

CAPILLARIES:

A
  • walls are one cells thick
  • small lumen (hole down the middle)
  • exchange substances with in cells in the body
  • permeable walls so diffusion can take place
  • supply food and oxygen, take away wast (carbon dioxide)
22
Q

VEINS:

A
  • lower pressure so has thinner walls than arteries
  • large lumen
    valves to avoid back flow
23
Q

what are red blood cells ?

A
  • carry oxygen around the body
  • large surface area
  • contain haemoglobin
24
Q

what are white blood cells?

A
  • they defend against infection
  • they can engulf unwanted microorganisms
  • produce antibodies
  • have a nucleus
25
Q

what are platelets?

A
  • help blood clot
  • have no nucleus
  • lack of platelets can cause excessive bleeding or bruising
26
Q

what is plasma ?

A
  • carries red, white blood cells, platelets, nutrients, glucose, amino acids, hormones and protein
  • urea from the liver to the kidneys
27
Q

what are effects of coronary heart disease?

A
  • coronary arteries get clogged up by fatty materials
  • causes arteries to narrow and become restricted
    so there is a lack of oxygen
  • can lead to heart attacks
28
Q

how can you help open arteries?

A

STENTS
they are tubes that are inserted inside the arteries
they make sure blood can pass through to the heart muscles and lower the risk or heart attacks
however there can be complications such as infection or blood clots

29
Q

how can cholesterol in the blood be reduced?

A

STATINS

it is a drug that reduces cholesterol present in the blood stream and slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming

30
Q

what is a communicable disease?

A

a disease that can spread between people (or animals)

  • contagious
    eg. Malaria or Measles
31
Q

what is a pathogen ?

A

a microorganism that cause a disease

32
Q

what are factors that can increase chance of getting disease?

A
  • lifestyle
  • environment eg. air pollution
  • smoking / alcohol
  • lack of exercise
33
Q

what does the phloem transport?

A

food - dissolved sugars

TRANSLOCATION

34
Q

what does the xylem do?

A

takes water up
carry water and minerals from root to stem and leaves
TRANSPIRATION

35
Q

what is transpiration?

A

water loss from a plant caused by the evaporation and diffusion of water from a plants surface

36
Q

what effects the rate of transpiration?

A
  • light intensity
  • temperature
  • air flow
  • humidity
37
Q

what can be used in an experiment for the rate of transpiration?

A

POTOMETER

Biology- GCSE/AQA (4 decks)

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