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Biology- GCSE/AQA > Infection And Response > Flashcards

Infection And Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What disease do pathogens cause ?

A

Communicable diseases

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2
Q

How can pathogens be spread ?

A
  • water
  • air
  • direct contact
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3
Q

MEASLES:

A
  • spread by droplets from infected person
  • effect of measles include red skin , rashes and fever as well as health complications such as pneumonia
  • there is a vaccination
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4
Q

HIV:

A
  • a VIRUS
  • spread by sexual contact and exchange of body fluids
  • flu like symptoms
  • attack’s immune system
  • Late stages of HIV are AIDS
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5
Q

TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS:

A
  • affects plants
  • cause mosaic plants on leaves
  • discolouration limits the rate of photosynthesis ~ can’t grow etc.
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6
Q

ROSE BLACK SPOT :

A
  • FUNGUS , causes purple or black spots which turn yellow and drop off
  • no photosynthesis
  • spread through an environment, water and the wind
  • can be treated by fungicide or stripping plant of infected leaves
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7
Q

MALARIA:

A
  • PROTIST
  • mosquitoes pick up protists when they feed on infected animals
  • there after everything the mosquito feeds on also becomes infected
  • leads to fever can be fatal
    MOSQUITO NETS
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8
Q

SALMONELLA:

A
  • BACTERIAL disease
  • effects are fever , stomach cramps , vomiting and diarrhoea
  • caused by toxins produced by the bacteria
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9
Q

How is disease prevented ?

A
  • hygiene , washing hands
  • getting rid of organism that spreads disease
  • isolating
  • vaccinating
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10
Q

How is our body defence system able to fight disease?

A
  • skin is a barrier
  • hair and mucus trap potential pathogens
  • stomach produces HCL to kill pathogens
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11
Q

How do white blood cells defend against pathogens?

A

Engulf foreign cells and digest them

PHAGOCYTOSIS

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12
Q

How does a vaccination work ?

A
  • injecting small amount of inactive/dead pathogens

- they’re antigens cause our white blood cells to produce antibodies

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13
Q

What is the MMR vaccine ?

A

Contains : measles, mumps and rubella

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14
Q

Pros of vaccines ?

A
  • help control communicable diseases

- avoids outbreaks

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15
Q

Cons of vaccines ?

A
  • don’t always work

- can have bad reactions

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16
Q

what are is the difference between a painkiller and antibiotics?

A

painkillers only relieve symptoms where as antibiotics kill or prevent the growth of the problematic bacteria

17
Q

what problems could be caused by antibiotics?

A

bacteria could develop a resistance to the medicine if the whole course is not finished or doctors over prescribe them, leading to serious infections that cant be treated by antibiotics eg. MRSA

18
Q

what are the main stages to developing a drug?

A
  • they are tested on human cells and tissue in a lab
  • tested on animals, to work out toxicity and dosage
  • if it passes on the animals it is then tested on human volunteers in a clinical trial
  • peer review
19
Q

what are clinical trials ?

A

clinical trials are usually blind for the patient so they don’t know if they are taking the drug or the placebo
and sometimes it is a double blind so the doctor also doesn’t know

20
Q

what is the purpose of blind trials ?

A

to take away any subconscious influence and only focus on the results.

21
Q

what are antibodies produced by?

A

(B)- lymphocyte which is a white blood cell

22
Q

what makes up a monoclonal antibody?

A

identical antibodies + tumour cells = hybridoma

cloned hybridoma cells produce the same antibodies ( monoclonal antibodies)

23
Q

what are disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • can attack your normal cells

- can have side effects such as vomiting and fever

24
Q

what do plants take up from the soil?

A

MINERALS ( not nutrients )

25
Q

what is needed for plants to grow?

A

Nitrates - make protein

26
Q

what is needed to make chlorophyll?

A

Magnesium ions

27
Q

what is a plant with a magnesium deficiency suffering from?

A

chlororsis

28
Q

what are some signs that a plant has a disease?

A
  • stunted growth
  • spots on the leaves
  • discolouration
  • patches of decay
  • wilting
29
Q

what physical defences do plants have against disease?

A
  • waxy cuticle , acts as a barrier
  • cellulose which makes the cell wall
  • bark
30
Q

what chemical defences do plants have against disease?

A
  • some can produce antibacterial chemicals

- poison

31
Q

what mechanical defences do plants have against disease?

A
  • thorns
  • leaves that droop or coll when touched
  • plants that mimic other organisms

Biology- GCSE/AQA (4 decks)

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