Infection And Response Flashcards
What disease do pathogens cause ?
Communicable diseases
How can pathogens be spread ?
- water
- air
- direct contact
MEASLES:
- spread by droplets from infected person
- effect of measles include red skin , rashes and fever as well as health complications such as pneumonia
- there is a vaccination
HIV:
- a VIRUS
- spread by sexual contact and exchange of body fluids
- flu like symptoms
- attack’s immune system
- Late stages of HIV are AIDS
TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS:
- affects plants
- cause mosaic plants on leaves
- discolouration limits the rate of photosynthesis ~ can’t grow etc.
ROSE BLACK SPOT :
- FUNGUS , causes purple or black spots which turn yellow and drop off
- no photosynthesis
- spread through an environment, water and the wind
- can be treated by fungicide or stripping plant of infected leaves
MALARIA:
- PROTIST
- mosquitoes pick up protists when they feed on infected animals
- there after everything the mosquito feeds on also becomes infected
- leads to fever can be fatal
MOSQUITO NETS
SALMONELLA:
- BACTERIAL disease
- effects are fever , stomach cramps , vomiting and diarrhoea
- caused by toxins produced by the bacteria
How is disease prevented ?
- hygiene , washing hands
- getting rid of organism that spreads disease
- isolating
- vaccinating
How is our body defence system able to fight disease?
- skin is a barrier
- hair and mucus trap potential pathogens
- stomach produces HCL to kill pathogens
How do white blood cells defend against pathogens?
Engulf foreign cells and digest them
PHAGOCYTOSIS
How does a vaccination work ?
- injecting small amount of inactive/dead pathogens
- they’re antigens cause our white blood cells to produce antibodies
What is the MMR vaccine ?
Contains : measles, mumps and rubella
Pros of vaccines ?
- help control communicable diseases
- avoids outbreaks
Cons of vaccines ?
- don’t always work
- can have bad reactions
what are is the difference between a painkiller and antibiotics?
painkillers only relieve symptoms where as antibiotics kill or prevent the growth of the problematic bacteria
what problems could be caused by antibiotics?
bacteria could develop a resistance to the medicine if the whole course is not finished or doctors over prescribe them, leading to serious infections that cant be treated by antibiotics eg. MRSA
what are the main stages to developing a drug?
- they are tested on human cells and tissue in a lab
- tested on animals, to work out toxicity and dosage
- if it passes on the animals it is then tested on human volunteers in a clinical trial
- peer review
what are clinical trials ?
clinical trials are usually blind for the patient so they don’t know if they are taking the drug or the placebo
and sometimes it is a double blind so the doctor also doesn’t know
what is the purpose of blind trials ?
to take away any subconscious influence and only focus on the results.
what are antibodies produced by?
(B)- lymphocyte which is a white blood cell
what makes up a monoclonal antibody?
identical antibodies + tumour cells = hybridoma
cloned hybridoma cells produce the same antibodies ( monoclonal antibodies)
what are disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?
- can attack your normal cells
- can have side effects such as vomiting and fever
what do plants take up from the soil?
MINERALS ( not nutrients )
what is needed for plants to grow?
Nitrates - make protein
what is needed to make chlorophyll?
Magnesium ions
what is a plant with a magnesium deficiency suffering from?
chlororsis
what are some signs that a plant has a disease?
- stunted growth
- spots on the leaves
- discolouration
- patches of decay
- wilting
what physical defences do plants have against disease?
- waxy cuticle , acts as a barrier
- cellulose which makes the cell wall
- bark
what chemical defences do plants have against disease?
- some can produce antibacterial chemicals
- poison
what mechanical defences do plants have against disease?
- thorns
- leaves that droop or coll when touched
- plants that mimic other organisms
