organisation Flashcards
1
Q
what are the principles of organisation?
A
cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system
2
Q
what are cells?
A
building blocks of living organisms
3
Q
what is a tissue?
A
group of cells with similar structure and function
4
Q
what are organs?
A
collections of different tissues which work together to carry outa function
5
Q
what is an organ system?
A
group of organs that work together
6
Q
what is an enzyme?
A
biological catalyst
7
Q
what is the lock and key theory?
A
the enzyme is a lock and the substrate is like a key that fits into the enzyme
8
Q
what is the effect of temperature on an enzyme?
A
if the temperature is too high, the enzyme will denature and the substrate will no longer fit due to the changed shape
9
Q
what breaks down carbohydrates?
A
carbohydrase
10
Q
what carbohydrase breaks down starch?
A
amylase
11
Q
what do carbohydrates become after being broken down?
A
simple sugars
12
Q
what does starch become after being broken down?
A
glucose
13
Q
what breaks down proteins?
A
protease
14
Q
what does protein become after being broken down?
A
amino acids
15
Q
what breaks down lipids?
A
lipase
16
Q
what do lipids become after being broken down?
A
fatty acids + glycerol
17
Q
what is bile?
A
a green-yellow alkaline liquid
18
Q
what does bile do?
A
it neutralises acid from the stomach
19
Q
where is bile produced?
A
liver
20
Q
where is bile stored?
A
gall bladder
21
Q
what is iodine used to test for?
A
starch
22
Q
what colour will it be if starch is present?
A
blue-black
23
Q
what is biuret a / b used to test for?
A
protein
24
Q
what colour will it become if protein is present?
A
purple / lavender
25
what is benedicts solution used to test for?
sugars
26
what colour will it become if sugar is present?
red / brown / orange
27
what colour will it be if not much sugar is present?
green / yellow
28
what is sudan III used to test for?
lipids
29
what happens if lipids are present?
red stained layer forms on the surface of the water
30
what is the method to test for sugars?
1. add benedicts solution to food
2. heat in a water bath
3. benedict's solution changes colour depending on how much starch is present
31
what risks are there when testing for sugar? how do you avoid them?
benedict's solution is an irritant - wear goggles and avoid contact with skin and eyes
32
what is the method to test for starch?
1. add iodine to food
2. colour changes blue-black if starch is present
33
what risks are there when testing for starch? how do you avoid them
iodine is an irritant and can stain your skin - wear goggles and avoid contact with skin and eyes
34
what is the method to test for proteins?
1. add 1cm^3 of biuret a to food solution
2. mix the liquids
3. add 1cm^3 of biuret b and shake
4. a purple / lavender colour will show if protein is present
35
what risks are there when testing for protein? how do you avoid them?
biuret a - corrosive - avoid contact with eyes and skin and wear goggles
biuret b - irritant - avoid contact with eyes and skin and wear goggles
36
what is the method to test for lipids?
1. add equal amounts of food and water to a test tube
2. add 3 drops of sudan III solution
3. red stained layer on surface of water if lipids are present
37
what risks are there when testing for lipids? how do you avoid them?
sudan III is flammable as it's dissolved in alcohol - keep away from fire and avoid contact with eyes and skin and wear goggles
38
where does the pulmonary artery pump blood to?
blood to the lungs
39
where does the aorta pump blood to?
blood to body
40
what do the pulmonary veins do?
brings back blood from the lungs to the heart
41
what does the vena cava do?
brings back blood from the body to the heart
42
which bits are on the left side of the image of a heart?
pulmonary artery, vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle (goes down in this order too)
43
which bits are on the right side of the image of a heart?
aorta, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle (goes down in this order too)
44
what is inside blood?
platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells, blood plasma
45
what do platelets do?
it clots blood at the sight of a wound
46
what do red blood cells do?
carries stuff like oxygen around the body
47
what do white blood cells do?
defends body against diseases
48
what does blood plasma do?
transports co2, urea and digested food
49
what is the purpose of arteries?
usually carry oxygenated blood around the body (an exception is pulmonary artery as it carries deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs)
50
what are arteries structured like?
small lumen, thick wall of muscle and elastic fibres (to withstand high pressure)
51
name the direction of blood flow, lumen diameter, wall thickness, blood pressure and if valves are present or not of an artery
direction of blood flow - away
lumen diameter - small
wall thickness - thick
blood pressure - high
valves - no
52
what is the purpose of veins?
usually carries deoxygenated blood from body back to the heart (exception is pulmonary vein because it carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart)
53
name the direction of blood flow, lumen diameter, wall thickness, blood pressure and if valves are present or not of a vein
direction of blood flow - towards
lumen diameter - large
wall thickness - thin
blood pressure - low
valves - yes
54
what are arteries structured like?
thin wall of muscle and elastic fibres, large lumen and valves (prevent backflow of blood)
55
what is the purpose of capillaries?
allow diffusion of substances between the blood and body cells
56
name the direction of blood flow, lumen diameter, wall thickness, blood pressure and if valves are present or not of a capillary
from artery to vein, small, very thin – 1 cell thick, low, no
57
what are capillaries structured like?
wall is one cell thick to provide a thin, permeable surface for diffusion
58
how can you treat chd?
using a stent
59
how is a stent used to treat chd?
stent placed in coronary artery, balloon is used to open up stent then its removed, stent holds blood vessel open, this allows oxygenated blood and glucose to move freely to the heart muscle
60
what does a pacemaker do?
it sets the heartrate for people with an irregular heart rate
61
what is a benign tumour?
abnormal cells which are surrounded by a membrane
62
what is a malignant tumour?
abnormal cells that invade other tissues, they spread by the blood to form secondary tumours
63
what are risk factors to cancer?
genetic risk, lifestyle factors, exposure to radiation, viruses
64
what are the advantages to mechanical valves?
lasts 20-25 years
65
what are disadvantages to mechanical valves?
drugs have to be taken for life
66
what are advantages to biological valves?
no drugs need to be taken
67
what are disadvantages to biological valves?
only last 10-15 years as they can tear
68
what are stomata?
tiny pores on the lower surface of the leaf and stem
69
what is the transpiration stream?
continuous movement from the roots up the stem to the leaves where water evaporates from the stomata
70
how does temperature affect transpiration rate?
it increases transpiration, water particles will have more energy so it evaporates faster
71
how does light intensity affect transpiration rate?
increase in transpiration, the stomata open in the light
72
how does wind speed affect transpiration rate?
increases transpiration, water is removed around the leaf so this increases the diffusion gradient for water loss
73
what does the xylem do?
the transport of water and mineral ions
74
what does the phloem do?
carries out translocation
75
what is translocation?
the movement of dissolved sugars
76
what is the epidermal tissue?
it covers the leaf surface, it secretes wax which makes the leaf waterproof
77
what is the palisade tissue?
it has a lot of chloroplasts and carries out photosynthesis
78
what is the spongy mesophyll tissue?
they have air spaces and a large internal surface area, this makes diffusion of gases into/out of the leaf easier
79
what is the structure of a xylem?
hollow tubes of dead cells strengthened by lignin spirals
80
why is lignin waterproof?
stops water loss
81
what is the structure of phloem?
there are pores in the end walls of each cell (sieves) , there are columns of elongated cells, there are pores in the end walls of the phloem tube that allow good to move easily
