cell biology

Question 1

what do prokaryotic cells have?

Answer 1

single loop of dna, cell wall, plasmids, cell membrane

Question 2

what do eukaryotic cells have?

Answer 2

dna enclosed in nucleus, cell membrane

Question 3

what kind of cells are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 3

bacteria

Question 4

what kind of cells are eukaryotic cells?

Answer 4

plant / algae and animal

Question 5

what are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Answer 5

in prokaryotic, dna isnt enclosed in a nucleus, there aren’t plasmids in eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells are a lot smaller

Question 6

what’s inside an animal cell?

Answer 6

ribosomes, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria

Question 7

what’s inside of a plant cell?

Answer 7

cell membrane, ribosomes, cell wall, mitochondria, cytoplasm, permanent vacuole, chloroplasts, nucleus

Question 8

what do the ribosomes do?

Answer 8

proteins are made via proteinsynthesis

Question 9

what does the cell membrane do?

Answer 9

controls passage of substances of the cell, what comes in what goes out

Question 10

what does the cytoplasm do?

Answer 10

most chemical reactions take place here

Question 11

what does the nucleus do?

Answer 11

contains genetic information and controls cellular activity

Question 12

what do the mitochondria do?

Answer 12

it releases energy when respiration is carried out

Question 13

what does the cell wall do?

Answer 13

it provides structural support and shape to the cell and acts as a barrier

Question 14

what does the vacuole do?

Answer 14

helps maintain water balance

Question 15

what do the chloroplasts do?

Answer 15

absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

Question 16

what does a muscle cell contain?

Answer 16

protein fibres, nucleus and mitochondria

Question 17

why does a muscle cell have protein fibres?

Answer 17

they can slide past each other to allow the muscle to contract

Question 18

why does a muscle have lots of mitochondria?

Answer 18

to release energy to allow the muscle to contract

Question 19

what does a nerve cell contain?

Answer 19

long axon, dendrites

Question 20

why does a nerve cell have a long axon?

Answer 20

allow nerve cell to send and receive info

Question 21

why does a nerve cell have dendrites?

Answer 21

to allow nerve cells to connect to each other

Question 22

what does a sperm cell contain?

Answer 22

mitochondria and a long tail

Question 23

why does a sperm cell have a long tail?

Answer 23

so the sperm can move through the female productive system

Question 24

why does the sperm cell have a lot of mitochondria?

Answer 24

so energy can be transferred to the tail to allow it to move

Question 25

what does a root hair cell contain?

Answer 25

root hair

Question 26

where are root hair cells found?

Answer 26

on plant roots, they absorb water and mineral ions

Question 27

why is the root hair extension important to plants?

Answer 27

this increases the area under the soil to absorb more water and mineral ions

Question 28

what do xylem vessels contain?

Answer 28

lignin spirals

Question 29

where are xylem vessels found in plants?

Answer 29

in plant stems, transport water and ions upwards to the leaves

Question 30

why do xylem vessels have lignin spirals?

Answer 30

water in the xylem is under lots of pressure, the spirals hold the xylem vessels open

Question 31

what happens in cell differentiation?

Answer 31

when a cell differentiates, it develops new sub-cellular structures. the cells become specialised to carry out a particular job

Question 32

how do you calculate magnification?

Answer 32

IAM triangle (magnification = img size / actual size)

Question 33

what are some advantages to using a light microscope?

Answer 33

can be used to view living specimens, cheap

Question 34

what are some disadvantages to using a light microscope?

Answer 34

low res - not much detail is shown in the cell

Question 35

what are advantages to using an electron microscope?

Answer 35

high res - can examine the sub-cellular structures closely

Question 36

what are disadvantages to using an electron microscope?

Answer 36

can't view living specimens, expensive

Question 37

what does magnification mean?

Answer 37

it means that the microscope makes objects appear larger than they actually are

Question 38

what are stem cells?

Answer 38

undifferentiated cells

Question 39

what can you do with stem cells from an embryo?

Answer 39

you can differentiate them to form most types of human cell

Question 40

what can you do with stem cells from bone marrow?

Answer 40

you can form blood cells

Question 41

how do you use a stem cell? (bone marrow)

Answer 41

find a stem cell , remove it , clone the stem cell in the laboratory , transplant into a patient with leukaemia and used to make new white blood cells

Question 42

where do you find stem cells in plants?

Answer 42

meristem

Question 43

what are the 3 stages of the cell cycle?

Answer 43

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

Question 44

what happens during interphase?

Answer 44

dna replicates so two copies of each chromosome are formed. the cell grows copies of the mitochondria and ribosomes are made

Question 45

what happens during mitosis?

Answer 45

chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell and the nucleus divides

Question 46

what happens during cytokinesis?

Answer 46

chromosomes reach the ends of the cell membrane divide. two identical cells are formed.

Question 47

what is the purpose of mitosis?

Answer 47

to repair / make new body cells

Question 48

how many cell divisions in mitosis?

Answer 48

2

Question 49

how many daughter cells are produced in mitosis?

Answer 49

2

Question 50

what is the purpose of meiosis?

Answer 50

create gametes

Question 51

how many cell divisions in meiosis?

Answer 51

2

Question 52

how many daughter cells are produced in meiosis?

Answer 52

4

Question 53

what is diffusion?

Answer 53

the spreading out of particles from a net region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

Question 54

what is the effect on the gradient if diffusion is faster?

Answer 54

larger and steeper

Question 55

what is osmosis?

Answer 55

the diffusion of water from a dilute to a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

Question 56

what is active transport?

Answer 56

the movement of substances against a concentration gradient (low to high)

Question 57

what does active transport require?

Answer 57

energy and oxygen