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biology paper 1 gcse > infection and response > Flashcards

infection and response Flashcards

1
Q

what is a communicable disease?

A

a disease that can be passed onto another person

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2
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

microorganisms that cause infectious diseases

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3
Q

what are some types of pathogens?

A

bacteria, virus, fungi, protist

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4
Q

give an example of a bacterial disease

A

food poisoning

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5
Q

give an example of a viral disease

A

measles and aids

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6
Q

give an example of a protist disease

A

malaria

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7
Q

give an example of a fungal infection

A

rose black spot

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8
Q

how are diseases spread?

A

droplet infection, direct contact, vectors, air and water

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9
Q

how does droplet infection spread disease?

A

a cough or sneeze, a microscopic droplet of mucus with the pathogen attached suspended in air

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10
Q

how does direct contact spread disease?

A

touching, skin contact

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11
Q

how do vectors spread disease?

A

spread by organisms that transmit disease e.g mosquito

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12
Q

how does air and water carry and spread disease?

A

spores are carried by the air current

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13
Q

how does a virus cause infectious disease?

A
  1. virus enters body cell
  2. virus lives and reproduces inside the body cell, harming it
  3. virus can now infect a new cell
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14
Q

how does bacteria cause infectious disease?

A
  1. bacteria produce toxins
  2. these damage tissues in the body
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15
Q

how to prevent lungworm spreading

A

separate infected dogs from others, destroy the vector , treat infected dogs to kill lungworm

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16
Q

what are symptoms of measles?

A

fever temperature, skin rash

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17
Q

how is measles spread?

A

by breathing in the virus in droplets from coughs/sneezes

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18
Q

what is the treatment of measles?

A

no cure, however young children are vaccinated against measles to reduce the spread of it

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19
Q

what are symptoms of hiv

A

early stage - flu like illness, cough / sneeze
late stage - aids related diseases such as cancer

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20
Q

how is hiv spread?

A

sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids

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21
Q

what is the treatment for hiv?

A

antiretroviral drugs can slow down development of aids but cant cure it, must be given in early stages

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22
Q

what is the difference between hiv pos and aids?

A

hiv is the virus that CAUSES aids, aids is when the cells of the immune system are so badly damaged they can no longer protect the body

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23
Q

what does tobacco mosaic virus do?

A

is detroys the chloroplasts of a plant

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24
Q

what are symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus?

A

mosaic pattern of yellow discolouration on the leaves

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25
why does tobacco mosaic virus reduce the growth of plants?
the plants have less chlorophyll so they cant take in as much light, their rate of photosynthesis slows because of this, this means less glucose is made and with less glucose less protein can be made from growth so plants dont grow as well
26
what are the symptoms of rose black spot?
black or purple spots on leaves and the leaves turn yellow and drop early
27
how do you treat rose black spot?
you can treat it by using fungicides or removing / destroying the affected leaves
28
what is inside a salmonella bacteria?
cell wall, cytoplasm and plasmids
29
what are symptoms of salmonella?
it can cause food poisoning, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
30
how do you get a salmonella infection?
by eating food that contains salmonella bacteria, eating food that was prepared in unhygienic conditions
31
what is gonorrhoea?
bacteria that causes thick green/yellow discharge from the penis / vagina and causes pain when urinating
32
how is gonorrhoea spread?
direct sexual contact as it is a std
33
how do you treat gonorrhoea?
by using antibiotics like penicillin
34
what is a protist?
a single celled organism which is a pathogen
35
how does a protist cause malaria?
a mosquito is a vector for malaria, they carry the protist and transmit it from one person to another, mosquitos bite and feed on blood
36
what are methods to reduce the spread of malaria?
mosquito nets, insecticide and stopping mosquitos from breeding
37
what are methods to stop the spread of gonorrhoea?
use barrier methods of contraception e.g a condom, reduce the amount of sexual partners you have
38
how does the nose defend against infecting microorganisms?
the nose hairs trap air particles that contain pathogens
39
how does the skin defend against infecting microorganisms?
it is a barrier and it also has antimicrobial chemicals that kill pathogens
40
how do the trachea and bronchi defend against infecting microorganisms?
the cilia in the trachea and bronchi waft mucus containing pathogens to the throat where it is swallowed
41
how does the stomach defend against infecting microorganisms?
it produces hydrochloric acid that kills pathogens in our food
42
how have the trachea and the bronchi adapted to reduce the entry of pathogens?
the cilia line the bronchi and trachea and waft mucus containing pathogens upwards towards the throat where they are swallowed, mucus producing cells in the trachea trap pathogens in air in the windpipe
43
how does the phagocyte help defend against pathogens?
the white blood cell ingests the pathogen and it is then destroyed by using enzymes
44
how does b-lymphocyte help defend against pathogens?
the white blood cell makes antibodies, the antibodies then bind on the pathogen and destroy it directly
45
what's another way that b-lymphocyte helps to defend against pathogens?
the white blood cell makes antitoxins, these neutralise toxins produced by pathogens that normally make us feel ill
46
what are the steps of giving somebody a vaccine?
1. the vaccine is injected under the skin 2. the vaccine stimulates the white blood cells to make antibodies 3. memory cells are also created, they remember the antigens on the pathogens 4. if the same pathogen enters the body again at a later date, the white blood cells produce more of the correct antibody in a shorter period of time so the pathogen is quickly killed
47
what do antibiotics do?
they kill infective bacteria within the body
48
what do painkillers do?
they relieve the symptoms of infectious disease but dont kill pathogens e.g bacteria and virus
49
where does digitalis come from?
foxgloves
50
where does aspirin come from?
willow tree
51
where does penicillin come from?
mould
52
what is digitalis?
heart drug
53
what is aspirin?
painkiller
54
what is penicillin?
antibiotic
55
what is the first step of testing and developing new drugs?
pre-clinical testing
56
what happens in pre-clinical testing?
the drug is tested on living cells, tissues and live animals
57
why do we do pre-clinical testing?
to see if the drug is toxic
58
what is the second stage of testing and developing a new drug?
clinical trials
59
what happens in the first stage of clinical trials?
1. healthy human volunteers try the drug
60
why do healthy people try the drug in the first stage of clinical testing?
to check for side effects and to see if they are serious
61
what happens in the second stage of clinical testing?
the drug is given to even more patients, around 200-400
62
why is the drug given to more people in the second stage of clinical trials?
to see if the drug is effective or not and if it works or not
63
what happens in the third stage of clinical trials?
3000+ people are divided randomly in half and a double blind trial takes place with a placebo drug
64
why do we do a double blind placebo test in the third stage of clinical trials?
to eliminate the placebo effect
65
why should the doctor not know which is the placebo or the real drug?
eliminate bias so the patients will not have a placebo effect
66
what happens in the 4th stage of developing and testing new drugs?
peer review
67
what is peer review?
the drug is looked at by other independent scientists
68
why do we do peer review?
other scientists check the drug efficacy to prevent any false claims about its efficacy being made
69
what is the last stage of testing and developing a new drug?
launch
70
what is a dose?
the concentration of a drug to be used and how often it should be given
71
what is efficacy?
whether the drug works or not to treat the illness
72
what is toxicity?
side effects making the person ill

biology paper 1 gcse (4 decks)

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