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Paper 1 > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are cells

A

The basic building blocks that make up all living organisms

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2
Q

When does differentiation occur

A

During the development of a multicellular organism

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3
Q

What is differentiation

A

The process by which cells become specialised for a particular job

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4
Q

What do specialised cells form

A

Tissues which form organs which forms organ systems

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5
Q

Why do large multicellular organisms (eg. Squirrels) have different systems inside of them

A

For exchanging and transporting materials

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6
Q

Cells are organised into tissues
What is a tissue

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function eg) muscular tissue, glandular tissue, epithelial tissue

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7
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Contracts to move whatever it’s attached to

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8
Q

Glandular tissue

A

Makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones

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9
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers some parts of the body such as the inside of the gut

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10
Q

Tissues are organised into organs
What is an organ

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform certain functions

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11
Q

What is an example of an organ made up of tissues

A

Stomach
Muscular tissue- moves the stomach wall to churn food
Glandular tissue- makes digestive juices to digest food
Epithelial tissue- covers the outside and inside of the stomach

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12
Q

Organs are organised into organ systems
what is an organ system

A

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function such as the digestive system

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13
Q

What organs is the digestive system made up of

A

Glands (pancreas and salivary glands), stomach and small intestine, large intestine

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14
Q

What is the function of the glands (pancreas and salivary glands)

A

Produce digestive juices

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15
Q

What is the function of the glands (pancreas and salivary glands)

A

Produce digestive juices

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16
Q

What is the function of the glands (pancreas and salivary glands)

A

Produce digestive juices

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17
Q

What is the function of the stomach and the small intestine

A

Digest food

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18
Q

What is the function of the liver

A

Produces bile

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19
Q

What is the function of the small intestine

A

Absorbs soluble food molecules

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20
Q

What is the function of the large intestine

A

Absorbs water from undigested food leaving faeces

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21
Q

What do organ systems work together to make

A

Entire organisms

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22
Q

What is a catalyst

A

A catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction

23
Q

What is the ‘lock and key’ model of enzyme action

A

The active site changes shape a little as the substrate binds to get a tighter fit (‘induced fit’)

24
Q

What does changing the temperature do

A

Changes the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction

25
Q

How does an enzyme become denatured

A

if the temperature becomes too hot some of the bonds holding the enzyme together breake which changes the shape of the enzymes active site

26
Q

How can you investigate the effect of pH on enzyme activity

A

Amylase catalyses the breakdown of starch and maltose, it’s easy to detect starch using iodine solution as if starch is present the iodine solution will change from brown/orange to blue/black

27
Q

How can you investigate how pH affects amylase activity

A
  1. Put a drop of iodine solution into every well of a spotting tile
  2. Place a Bunsen burner on a heat proof mat and a tripod and gauze over the Bunsen burner, put a beaker of water on top of the tripod and heat the water until 35degreesC (thermometer), keep the temperature of the water constant
  3. Use a syringe to add 1cm3 of amylase solution and 1cm3 of a buffer solution with a pH of 5 to a boiling tube, using test tube holder put the tube into the beaker of water and wait 5min
  4. Use a different syringe to add 5cm3 of a starch solution to the boiling tube
  5. Mix the contents (time)
  6. Use continuous sampling to record how long it takes for the amylase to break down all of the starch , use a dropping pipette to take fresh sample every 30sec, when the iodine solution remains brown/orange, starch is no longer present
  7. Repeat with buffer solutions of different pH values to see how pH affects time taken for the starch to be broken down
28
Q

How to calculate the rate of reaction

A

Rate= 100 (divided by) time

29
Q

What does amylase (carbohydrase) break down into

A

Starch
Found in the salivary glands,pancreas and small intestine

30
Q

What do protease convert into proteins into

A

Amino acids
Found in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine

31
Q

What does lipase convert lipids into

A

Glycerol and fatty acids
Found in the pancreas and the small intestine

32
Q

Salivary glands

A

Produce amylase enzyme in the saliva

33
Q

Liver

A

Bile is produced which neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats

34
Q

Gall bladder

A

Bike is stored before it’s released into the small intestine

35
Q

Large intestine

A

Excess water is absorbed from the food

36
Q

Rectum

A

Faeces are stored

37
Q

Small intestine

A

Produces protease and amylase and lipase enzymes, also where food is absorbed into the blood

38
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces protease, amylase and lipase, releases theses into the small intestine

39
Q

Stomach

A

Produces protease (pepsin) and hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and give the right pH

40
Q

Benedict’s test for sugars

A
  1. Prepare a food sample and transfer 5cm3
  2. Prepare a water bath set to 75degreesC
  3. Add about 10 drops of Benedict’s solution using a pipette
  4. Leave for 5min
  5. Change from blue to green, yellow or brick red
41
Q

Iodine solution test for starch

A
  1. Make a food sample and transfer 5cm3 to a test tube
  2. Then add a few drops of iodine solution and gently shake, colour change from brown/orange to blue/black
42
Q

Biuret test for proteins

A
  1. Prepare a sample of your food and transfer 2cm3 to a test tube
  2. Add 2cm3 of biuret solution and gently shake
  3. Blue to purple if protien is present
43
Q

Sudan test for lipids

A
  1. Prepare a sample and transfer 5cm3 into a test tube
  2. Use a pipette to add 3 drops of Sudan solution to the test tube and gently shake
  3. Top layer will be bright red but no separate layer will form if no lipids are present
44
Q

What do alveoli carry out

A

Gas exchange

45
Q

What happens in your lungs

A

Oxygen enters your bloodstream to supply cells for respiration and carbon dioxide needs to be removed

46
Q

Where is the thorax

A

The top part of your body

47
Q

How is the thorax separated from the lower part of your body

A

The diaphragm

48
Q

What are the lungs protected by

A

The rib cage

49
Q

What is the process of air that your breathe in

A

Goes through the trachea then splits into two wives called the bronchi wish split into progressively smaller tubes called bronchioles which finally end at small bags called alveoli where gas exchange takes place

50
Q

What is the circulatory system made up of

A

Heart, blood vessels and blood

51
Q

What is the first circuit of the double circulatory system

A

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen

52
Q

What is the second circuit of the double circulatory system

A

The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around all the other organs, the blood gives up its oxygen at the body cells and the deoxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped out to the lungs again

53
Q

What is the purpose of valves

A

To prevent a backflow of blood

Paper 1 (11 decks)

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