Organisation Flashcards
What are cells
The basic building blocks that make up all living organisms
When does differentiation occur
During the development of a multicellular organism
What is differentiation
The process by which cells become specialised for a particular job
What do specialised cells form
Tissues which form organs which forms organ systems
Why do large multicellular organisms (eg. Squirrels) have different systems inside of them
For exchanging and transporting materials
Cells are organised into tissues
What is a tissue
A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function eg) muscular tissue, glandular tissue, epithelial tissue
Muscular tissue
Contracts to move whatever it’s attached to
Glandular tissue
Makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones
Epithelial tissue
Covers some parts of the body such as the inside of the gut
Tissues are organised into organs
What is an organ
A group of different tissues that work together to perform certain functions
What is an example of an organ made up of tissues
Stomach
Muscular tissue- moves the stomach wall to churn food
Glandular tissue- makes digestive juices to digest food
Epithelial tissue- covers the outside and inside of the stomach
Organs are organised into organ systems
what is an organ system
A group of organs working together to perform a particular function such as the digestive system
What organs is the digestive system made up of
Glands (pancreas and salivary glands), stomach and small intestine, large intestine
What is the function of the glands (pancreas and salivary glands)
Produce digestive juices
What is the function of the glands (pancreas and salivary glands)
Produce digestive juices
What is the function of the glands (pancreas and salivary glands)
Produce digestive juices
What is the function of the stomach and the small intestine
Digest food
What is the function of the liver
Produces bile
What is the function of the small intestine
Absorbs soluble food molecules
What is the function of the large intestine
Absorbs water from undigested food leaving faeces
What do organ systems work together to make
Entire organisms
What is a catalyst
A catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction
What is the ‘lock and key’ model of enzyme action
The active site changes shape a little as the substrate binds to get a tighter fit (‘induced fit’)
What does changing the temperature do
Changes the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction
How does an enzyme become denatured
if the temperature becomes too hot some of the bonds holding the enzyme together breake which changes the shape of the enzymes active site
How can you investigate the effect of pH on enzyme activity
Amylase catalyses the breakdown of starch and maltose, it’s easy to detect starch using iodine solution as if starch is present the iodine solution will change from brown/orange to blue/black
How can you investigate how pH affects amylase activity
- Put a drop of iodine solution into every well of a spotting tile
- Place a Bunsen burner on a heat proof mat and a tripod and gauze over the Bunsen burner, put a beaker of water on top of the tripod and heat the water until 35degreesC (thermometer), keep the temperature of the water constant
- Use a syringe to add 1cm3 of amylase solution and 1cm3 of a buffer solution with a pH of 5 to a boiling tube, using test tube holder put the tube into the beaker of water and wait 5min
- Use a different syringe to add 5cm3 of a starch solution to the boiling tube
- Mix the contents (time)
- Use continuous sampling to record how long it takes for the amylase to break down all of the starch , use a dropping pipette to take fresh sample every 30sec, when the iodine solution remains brown/orange, starch is no longer present
- Repeat with buffer solutions of different pH values to see how pH affects time taken for the starch to be broken down
How to calculate the rate of reaction
Rate= 100 (divided by) time
What does amylase (carbohydrase) break down into
Starch
Found in the salivary glands,pancreas and small intestine
What do protease convert into proteins into
Amino acids
Found in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine
What does lipase convert lipids into
Glycerol and fatty acids
Found in the pancreas and the small intestine
Salivary glands
Produce amylase enzyme in the saliva
Liver
Bile is produced which neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats
Gall bladder
Bike is stored before it’s released into the small intestine
Large intestine
Excess water is absorbed from the food
Rectum
Faeces are stored
Small intestine
Produces protease and amylase and lipase enzymes, also where food is absorbed into the blood
Pancreas
Produces protease, amylase and lipase, releases theses into the small intestine
Stomach
Produces protease (pepsin) and hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and give the right pH
Benedict’s test for sugars
- Prepare a food sample and transfer 5cm3
- Prepare a water bath set to 75degreesC
- Add about 10 drops of Benedict’s solution using a pipette
- Leave for 5min
- Change from blue to green, yellow or brick red
Iodine solution test for starch
- Make a food sample and transfer 5cm3 to a test tube
- Then add a few drops of iodine solution and gently shake, colour change from brown/orange to blue/black
Biuret test for proteins
- Prepare a sample of your food and transfer 2cm3 to a test tube
- Add 2cm3 of biuret solution and gently shake
- Blue to purple if protien is present
Sudan test for lipids
- Prepare a sample and transfer 5cm3 into a test tube
- Use a pipette to add 3 drops of Sudan solution to the test tube and gently shake
- Top layer will be bright red but no separate layer will form if no lipids are present
What do alveoli carry out
Gas exchange
What happens in your lungs
Oxygen enters your bloodstream to supply cells for respiration and carbon dioxide needs to be removed
Where is the thorax
The top part of your body
How is the thorax separated from the lower part of your body
The diaphragm
What are the lungs protected by
The rib cage
What is the process of air that your breathe in
Goes through the trachea then splits into two wives called the bronchi wish split into progressively smaller tubes called bronchioles which finally end at small bags called alveoli where gas exchange takes place
What is the circulatory system made up of
Heart, blood vessels and blood
What is the first circuit of the double circulatory system
The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen
What is the second circuit of the double circulatory system
The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around all the other organs, the blood gives up its oxygen at the body cells and the deoxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped out to the lungs again
What is the purpose of valves
To prevent a backflow of blood
