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Paper 1 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of cells

A

Eukaryotic (animal and plant cells) or Prokaryotic (bacterial cells)

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2
Q

What sub cellular structure do plant cells have that animal cells don’t have

A

Cell wall, permanent vacuole, chloroplasts

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3
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

Contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell

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4
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm

A

Where most chemical reactions happen (contains enzymes)

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5
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane

A

Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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6
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A

Where most reactions for aerobic respiration take place (respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work)

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7
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes

A

Where proteins are made in the cell

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8
Q

A plant cell has a rigid cell wall, what is the function of a cell wall

A

Supports the cell and strengthens it (made of cellulose)

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9
Q

What is the function of a permanent vacuole in a plant cell

A

Contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts

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10
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts in a plant cell

A

Where photosynthesis occurs (which makes food for a plant), contain green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis

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11
Q

What is the difference between plant/animal cells and bacterial cells

A

Bacteria cells don’t have chloroplasts or mitochondria, they don’t have a ‘true’ nucleus- instead they have a single circular strand of dna that floats freely in the cytoplasm, they may also contain one or more small rings of dna called plasmids

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12
Q

What is the function of a microscope

A

They allow us to see things which we can’t see with the naked eye

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13
Q

What is the function of a light microscope

A

They use light and lenses to form an image of a specimen and magnify it, they let us see individual cells and large sub cellular structures (eg nuclei)

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14
Q

What is the function of an electron microscope

A

They use electrons instead of light to form an image, they have a much higher magnification than light microscopes, they also have a higher resolution (the ability to distinguish between two points), they allow us to see much smaller things in more detail (eg the internal structure of mitochondria)

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15
Q

How can you calculate the magnification of an image

A

Use the formula:
Magnification= image size (divided by) real size

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16
Q

How do you use a light microscope (practical)

A
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17
Q

What is differentiation

A

The process which a cell changes to become specialized for its function, they may develop different sub cellular structures or turn into different types of sells so they can carry out specific functions

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18
Q

What are the examples of specialized cells

A

Sperm cells, nerve cells, muscle cells, root hair cells. Phloem and xylem cells

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19
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell which is specialized for reproduction

A

To get the male dna to the female dna, it has a long tail and a streamlined head to help it swim, lots of mitochondria in the cells to provide energy, also carries enzymes to digest through the eggs cell membrane

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20
Q

What is the function of nerve cells which are specialized for rapid signalling

A

To carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another, long to cover more distances and have branched connections to connect to other cells and form a network

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21
Q

What is the function of a muscle cell specialized for contraction

A

To contract quickly, long and contain lots of mitochondria to generate energy for contraction

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22
Q

What is the function of a muscle cell

A
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23
Q

What is the function of a root hair cell specialized for absorbing water and minerals

A

Root hair cells are cells on the surface of plant roots which grow into long hairs that stick out into the soil, that gives the plant a large surface area for absorption of water and mineral ions from the soil

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24
Q

What is the function of phloem and xylem cells which are specialized for transporting substances

A

They form tubes which transport substances such as food and water around plants, to form tubes the cells are long and joined end to end, xylem cells are hallow in the Centre and phloem cells have very few sub cellular structures so stuff can flow through them

25
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes from a human cell

A

23 pairs

26
Q

What are body cells

A

They normal have two copies of each chromosome- one from the ‘mother’ and one from the ‘father’ so humans have two copies of chromosome 1 etc.

27
Q

What does each chromosome carry

A

A large number of genes, different genes control the development of different characteristics eg) hair colour

28
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

Makes new cells for growth, development and repair

29
Q

What are the two main stages of the cell cycle

A

Growth & dna replication and mitosis

30
Q

Why do multicellular organisms use mitosis

A

To grow or replace cells that have been damaged

31
Q

What is the process of growth & dna replication

A

1) in a cell that’s not dividing the dna is all spread out in long strings
2) before it divides the cell has to grow and increase the amount of sub cellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes
3) it then duplicates the dna- so there’s one copy of each new cell- the dna is copied and forms X shaped chromosomes
One it’s contents and dna have been copied the cell is ready for mitosis

32
Q

What is the process of mitosis which continues from growth & dna replication

A

4) the chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell and cell fibres pull them apart
5) membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes, these become the nuclei of the two new cells
6) lastly the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
The cell has now produced the new daughter cells (identical)

33
Q

what can embryonic stem cells turn into

A

Any type of cell

34
Q

What is differentiation

A

The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

35
Q

What are undifferentiated cells (stem cells)

A

(Stem cells) can divide to produce lost more undifferentiated cells, they can differentiate into different types of cell depending on what instructions they’re given

36
Q

Where are stem cells found

A

In early human embryos- potential to turn into any kind of cell

37
Q

Where are adult stem cells found

A

Bone marrow

38
Q

How can adult stem cells be used to cure diseases

A

Stem cells transferred from the bone marrow of a healthy person can replace faulty blood cells in the patients who receives them

39
Q

How can embryonic stem cells be used to replace faulty cells in sick people

A

You could make insulin producing cells for people with diabetes or nerve cells for people paralysed by spinal injuries

40
Q

How is therapeutic cloning beneficial for a patient

A

And embryo could have the same genetic information as the patient so the stems cells would have the same genes so less chance of rejection from the patient’s body

41
Q

What are the risks involved with using stem cells for medicine

A

Stem cells grown in a lab could become contaminated with a virus which would be passed on to the patient and make them sicker

42
Q

What are the risks involved with using stem cells for medicine

A

Stem cells grown in a lab could become contaminated with a virus which would be passed on to the patient and make them sicker

43
Q

Why are some people against stem cell research

A

They feel that human embryos shouldn’t be used for experiments since each one is a potential human life, others think that curing existing patients who are suffering is more important than the rights of embryos

44
Q

I’m plants where are the stem cells found

A

Meristems (parts of the plant where growth occurs)

45
Q

I’m plants where are the stem cells found

A

Meristems

46
Q

What is diffusion

A

The gradual movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

47
Q

When does the diffusion rate increase

A

When the concentration gradient is larger And a higher temperature will also give a faster diffusion rate (particles have more energy)

48
Q

What is osmosis (a special case of diffusion)

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

49
Q

How can you observe the effects of sugar solutions on plant tissue

A

1) cut up potato into identical cylinders, get some beakers with different sugar solutions (pure water and very concentrated sugar solution with a few other concentrations in between)
2) measure the mass of the cylinders, leave one in each beaker for 24hours
3)take out, dry, measure mass again
4)if the cylinders have drawn in water by osmosis they will have increased in mass but if water has been drawn out they will have decreased in mass, you can calculate the percentage change in mass

50
Q

What is the dependent variable in the osmosis practical

A

Chip mass

51
Q

What is the independent variable in the osmosis practical

A

Concentration of the sugar solution

52
Q

What is the control variable in the osmosis practical

A

Temperature, time, volume of solution

53
Q

What is active transport

A

When substances need to be absorbed against a concentration gradient

54
Q

Root hair cells take in minerals using active transport

A

Active transport allows the plant to absorb minerals from a very dilute solution against concentration gradient, essential for growth, but active transport need’s energy from respiration to make it work

55
Q

When is active transport used in humans

A

In the gut when there is a lower concentration of nutrients in the gut but a higher concentration of nutrients in the blood

56
Q

What is exchange surfaces

A

How easily stuff moves between an organism and its environment but it depends on its surface area to volume ratio

57
Q

How does gas exchange happen in the lungs

A

Transfer oxygen to the blood and remove waste carbon dioxide (gas exchange)

58
Q

How are alveoli specialised to maximise diffusion of 02 and CO2

A

Enormous surface area, moist lining for dissolving gases, thin walls, good blood supply

59
Q

How are villi adapted to provide really big surface area

A

A single layer of surface cells, good blood supply to assist quick absorption

Paper 1 (11 decks)

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