Organisation Flashcards
1
Q
What are the different types of tissue and what do they do?
A
- muscular tissue- contracts to move whatever it’s attached to
- glandular tissue- makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones
- epithelial tissue- covers some parts of the body (inside of the gut)
2
Q
What is a tissue?
A
a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function
3
Q
What is an organ?
A
A group of DIFFERENT tissues that work together to peform a certain function
4
Q
What are the roles of the different tissues in the stomach?
A
muscular tissue- moves stomach wall o churn up food
glandular tissue- makes digestive juices to digest food
Epithelial tissue- covers inside and outside of stomach
5
Q
What are the different organs in the digestive system and what is their role?
A
- glands (pancreas and salivary glands) produce digestive foods
- stomach and small intestine digest food
- liver produces bile
- small intestine ALSO absorbs soluble food molecules
- large intestine absorbs water from undigested foods leaving faeces
6
Q
What is a catalyst?
A
a substance which increase the speed of a reaction without be changed or used up
7
Q
What type of molecule is enzyme?
A
large proteins which are made up of chains of amino acids
8
Q
Describe the ‘lock and key’ model
A
a complementary substrate fitting into the active site on an enzyme before a chemical reaction.
9
Q
What can denature an enzyme?
A
- pH
- temperature
10
Q
What breaks down starch?
A
amylase
11
Q
what is starch broken down into?
A
maltose
12
Q
where is amylase made?
A
- salivary glands
- pancreas
- small intestine
13
Q
what breaks down proteins?
A
protease
14
Q
What are proteins broken down into?
A
amino acids
15
Q
Where are proteases made?
A
- stomach
- pancreas
- small intestine
16
Q
What is protease in the stomach called?
A
pepsin
17
Q
What are lipids broken down into?
A
glycerol and fatty acids
18
Q
What breaks down lipids?
A
lipase
19
Q
where are lipases made?
A
- pancreas
- small intestine
20
Q
where is bile stored and produced?
A
stored- gall bladder
produced- liver
21
Q
What does bile do?
A
- neutralises stomach acid
- emulsifies fat
22
Q
What is the benefit of bile emulsifying fat?
A
it speeds up the process of digestion as there is a larger surface area of fat for lipase to work on.
23
Q
Why does the stomach produce hydrochloric acid?
A
- to kill bacteria
- to give the right pH for protease to work at (pH 2)
24
Q
Where is gas exchange in the body carried out?
A
the alveoli
25
Describe the gas exchange that takes place in the lungs
1. the blood passing by the alveoli is returning from the lungs to the rest of the body so contains a lot of CO2 and little oxygen
2. oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus and into the blood and CO2 is diffused out of the blood and into the alveolus to be breathed out
3. When this blood reaches body cells the red blood cells release oxygen which is diffused into the body cells and CO2 is diffused out of the body cells and into the blood to be carried to the lungs
26
What is in the double circulatory system and what do they do?
In the first one- the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen and it then returns to the heart
In the second one- the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood round all the organs in the body and gives up all it's oxygen to these organs so deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart to be pumped to the lungs
27
Why does the heart have valves?
to prevent it from flowing backwards
28
What is in the right side of the heart?
- pulmonary artery
- vena cava
- right atrium
- right ventricle
29
What is in the left side of the heart?
- aorta
- pulmonary vein
- left atrium
- left ventricle
30
How does the blood get its own supply of oxygenated blood?
coronary arteries branch off the aorta and surround the heart making sure it gets all the oxygenated blood it needs
31
Where is the pace maker in the heart?
right atrium wall
32
How does the pace maker work?
The group of cells produce a small electrical impulse which spreads to the surrounding muscle cells causing them to contract.
33
What is an artificial pacemaker used for?
If a patient has an irregular heart beat
34
What are the three different types of blood vessels and what is their function?
- Arteries- carry blood away from the heart
- capillaries- involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues
- veins- carry blood to the heart
35
Describe the structure and features of an artery
- pumps blood out at high pressure so walls are strong and elastic
- thick walls and small lumen
- contain thick layers of muscle and elastic fibres
36
Describe the structure and features of a capillary
- carry blood really close to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them
- permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out
- very small lumen
- walls are one cell thick
37
Describe the structure and features of a vein
- pumps blood at low pressure so have thinner walls than artery
- large lumen
- valves to keep blood flowing in right direction
-elastic fibres and smooth muscle
38
What is the shape of a red blood cell and why?
biconcave disc which gives a large surface area for absorbing oxygen
39
What is the red pigment in blood called?
haemoglobin
40
Why don't red blood cells have a nucleus?
So there is more room for oxygen
41
What is phagocytosis?
when white blood cells consume foreign microorganisms
42
How do white blood cells defend against infection?
- phagocytosis
OR
- produce antibodies to fight microorganisms as well as antitoxins to neutralise any toxins produced.
43
What are platelets?
small fragments of cells that help the blood to clot at a wound
44
What does plasma carry?
- red and white blood cells
- platelets
- nutrients
- carbon dioxide
- urea
- hormones
- proteins
- antibodies and antitoxins
45
What is coronary heart disease?
when coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart get blocked by layers of fatty materials building up
46
What are the consequences of coronary heart disease?
arteries become more narrow so blood flow is restricted and there's a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle which can result to a heart attack
47
What are some treatments for coronary heart disease?
- stents
- statins
48
What are stents?
tubes that are inserted inside arteries to keep them open so blood can flow through to the heart muscle.
49
What are the pros and cons of stents?
pros:
- lowers risk of heart attack
- effective for a long time
- quick recovery time after surgery
cons:
- risk of complication during operation
- risk of infection from surgery
- risk of developing blood clot near stent
50
What are statins?
drugs that can reduce the amount of LDL cholesterol present in the bloodstream- this slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming
51
What are the advantages of statins?
- reduces risk of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks
- increase beneficial cholesterol in blood which removes LDL cholesterol
- may prevent some other diseases
52
What are the disadvantages of statins?
- long-term drug that must be taken regularly- risk of forgetting to take them
- negative side effects like headaches or can be serious like kidney failure or liver damage
- the effect isn't instant
53
What are the advantages of an artificial heart?
they are less likely to be rejected by the body's immunity system because they are made of metals and plastic so the body won't recognise them as 'foreign'
54
What are the disadvantages of an artificial heart?
- surgery can lead to bleeding and infection
- don't work as well as a natural one as an electrical motor could fail
- blood doesn't flow through it as smoothly as a natural one which could cause blood clots and lead to a stroke
- patient has to take drugs to thin blood which can cause problems with bleeding if they get into an accident
55
How do valves become faulty?
- heart attacks
- infection
- old age
56
how can faulty valves be treated?
replacing them with biological or mechanical valves
57
What is a communicable disease?
one that can be spread from person to person or between animals and people
58
What can communicable disease be caused by?
- bacteria
- viruses
- parasites
- fungi
59
what is a non-communicable disease?
those that cannot spread between people or between animals and people. They generally last for a long time and get worse slowly
60
What are some examples of diseases interacting?
- people with impaired immune systems are more susceptible to communicable diseases
- some cancers can be triggered by infection by certain viruses (HPV can cause cervical cancer in women)
- mental health issues can be triggered if someone is suffering from severe physical health problems
61
What risk factors can directly cause disease?
- Smoking- cardiovascular disease, lung disease and lung cancer
- drinking too much alcohol- liver disease and damages nerve cells in brain
- exposure to radiation- cancer
62
What is a benign tumour?
- it grows until there is no more room
- stays in one place
- isn't cancerous
63
What is a malignant?
- tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissue
- cells can break off and spread to other parts of the body via the bloodstream and invade healthy tissues elsewhere in the body to form secondary tumours
- they are cancerous
64
What are some risk factors for cancer?
- smoking
- obesity
- UV exposure
- viral infection
- faulty genes
65
What are the different parts of the leaf and what do they do?
- waxy cuticle- reduces water loss by evaporation
- upper epidermis- transparent so light can pass through to palisade layer
- palisade layer- has lots of chloroplasts- most of photosynthesis occurs
- xylem+phloem- transport substances and takes away glucose produced in photosynthesis
- guard cells- opens and closes the stomata
- stomata- gas exchange
spongy mesophyll- improves rate of gas exchange
66
What is translocation?
When the phloem transports food substances made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use
^ goes in both directions
67
What is transpiration?
When the xylem carries water and mineral ions from the roots to the stems to the leaves.
^ transpiration stream
68
What are the differences of structure between the xylem and phloem?
xylem:
- dead cells joined together
- no end walls between them
- strengthened with lignin
phloem:
- columns of elongated living cells
- end walls with small pores
69
Why does transpiration occur?
- when water is evaporated from the plant it causes a slight shortage of water so water is drawn up to the rest of the plant via the xylem vessels to replace it
^ constant transpiration stream
70
What affects the rate of transpiration?
- light intensity
- temperature
- air flow
- humidity
71
What occurs when a plant is short of water?
- guard cells lose water and become flacid
- stomata close so less water vapour escapes
72
What occurs when a plant has lots of water?
- guard cells fill with water and become turgid
- stomata open and gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis
