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Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of cell are animal and plant cells?

A

Eukaryotic cell

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2
Q

What type of cell is a bacteria cell?

A

Prokaryotic cell

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3
Q

What are the different sub cellular structures in an animal cell?

A
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
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4
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

where proteins are made in the cell

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5
Q

What’s mitochondria?

A

where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place- transfers energy that the cell needs to work

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6
Q

what does cytoplasm contain?

A

enzymes that control the chemical reactions that take place in the cytoplasm.

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7
Q

What sub cellular structures are in a plant cell but not in an animal cell?

A
  • cell wall
  • permanent vacuole
  • chloroplasts
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8
Q

what is a cell wall made of and why?

A

cellulose because it supports the cell and strengthens it

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9
Q

what does the permanent vacuole contain?

A

cell sap

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10
Q

where does photosynthesis take place?

A

chloroplasts

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11
Q

What do chloroplasts contain?

A

chlorophyll which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis

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12
Q

What are the sub cellular structures in bacterial cell?

A
  • cell membrane
  • cell wall
  • cytoplasm
  • singular strand of DNA
  • plasmids
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13
Q

What are plasmids and how many of them are there usually in a bacterial cell?

A
  • small rings of DNA
  • 1-3
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14
Q

Do electron or light microscopes have higher magnification and resolution?

A

electron microscopes

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15
Q

what is the equation for magnification?

A

image size/real size

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16
Q

What are the different parts of a light microscope?

A
  • eyepiece
  • coarse adjustment knob
  • fine adjustment knob
  • high and low power objective lenses
  • stage
  • light
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17
Q

What is differentiation?

A

the process by which a cell changed to become specialised for it’s ob

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18
Q

Do plant and animal cell lose the ability to differentiate?

A
  • plant cells never lose this ability
  • animal cells usually lose it early on
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19
Q

What are undifferentiated cells called?

A

stem cells

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20
Q

What are some examples of specialised cells and what are they specialised for?

A
  • sperm cells- reproduction
  • nerve cells- rapid signalling
  • muscle cells- contraction
  • root hair cells- absorbing water and minerals
  • phloem and xylem cells- transporting substances
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21
Q

What are the specialised features of a sperm cell?

A
  • long tail and streamline head to help it swim to the egg
  • lots of mitochondria to provide energy
  • carries enzymes in it’s head to digest through the egg cells membrane
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22
Q

What are the specialised features of a nerve cell?

A
  • they are long so they can cover more distance
  • they have branched connections at their ends to connect to other nerve cells
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23
Q

What are the specialised features of a muscle cell?

A
  • they are long so they have more space to contract
  • contain lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contraction
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24
Q

What are the specialised features of a root hair cell?

A
  • long hairs for a bigger surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil
25
Q

What are the specialised features of phloem and xylem cells?

A
  • xylems are hollow and phloems have very few sub cellular structures so stuff can flow through them
26
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

27
Q

How many chromosomes does a human cell have?

A

23 pairs

28
Q

What are the two stages of the cell cycle?

A
  • Growth and DNA replication
  • mitosis
29
Q

Describe the process of mitosis

A
  1. the chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell and the cell fibres pull them apart- the two arms of the chromosomes go to separate sides of the cell
  2. membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes–> these become the nuclei of the two new cells
  3. Lastly, the cytoplasm and the cell membrane divide
30
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

two identical daughter cells

31
Q

How do prokaryotic cell replicate?

A

through binary fission

32
Q

Describe the process of binary fission

A
  1. circular DNA and plasmids replicate
  2. cell gets bigger and the circular DNA strands move to opposite poles of the cell
  3. cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell walls begin to form
  4. the cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced but they only have ONE copy of circular DNA each
33
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A
  • early human embryos
  • bone marrow
34
Q

What cells can stem cells found in early human embryos turn into?

A

any type of cell

35
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

an embryo can be made to have the same genetic information as the patient so the stem cells produced from it would also contain the same genetic information as the patient and so wouldn’t be rejected by the patient if used to replace faulty cells

36
Q

What are some ways in which stem cells are used to cure disease?

A
  • stem cells transferred from the bone marrow of a healthy person to replace faulty blood cells
  • make insulin producing cells for people with diabetes
  • make nerve cells for people with paralysis
37
Q

What are the risks of using stem cells in medicine?

A

Stem cells grown in the lab may become contaminated with a virus which could be passed on to the patient and make them sicker

38
Q

Why are some people against stem cell research?

A

human embryos have the potential for human life

39
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants?

A

meristems

40
Q

What can stem cells found in the meristems be used for?

A
  • producing clones of whole plants quickly and cheaply
  • grow more plants of rare species (preventing extinction)
  • grow crops of identical plants that have desirable features
41
Q

What is diffusion?

A

spreading out of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

42
Q

What affects the rate of diffusion?

A
  • size of the concentration gradient
  • temperature
  • surface area of cell membrane
43
Q

What substances can diffuse through the cell membrane?

A
  • oxygen
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • water
44
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the movement of water particles across a partially permeable membrane from a area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration

45
Q

What particles can pass through a partially permeable membrane?

A

water

46
Q

Why can’t root hair cells use diffusion to take up minerals from the soil?

A

because the root hair cells have a higher concentration of minerals than the soil does

47
Q

What is active transport?

A

substances being absorbed against a concentration gradient

48
Q

When is active transport used in the human body?

A

taking in glucose from the gut and kidney tubules ONLY when the there is a higher glucose concentration in the gut and kidney tubules compared to the blood

49
Q

What is the lungs job?

A

to transfer oxygen to the blood and remove the waste carbon dioxide from it

50
Q

where does gas exchange in the lungs take place?

A

the alveoli

51
Q

How is alveoli specialised to maximise diffusion?

A
  • enormous surface area
  • moist lining for dissolving gases
  • very thin walls
  • good blood supply
52
Q

What do villi in the small intestine do?

A

increase the surface area so that digested foods can be absorbed much quicker into the blood

53
Q

What are the specialised features of villi?

A
  • single layer of surface cells
  • very good blood supply for quick absorption
54
Q

What diffuses in and out of the stomata in a leaf?

A
  • carbon dioxided diffuses in
  • oxygen and water diffuse out
55
Q

What is the size of the stomata controlled by?

A

guard cells

56
Q

How is the leaf adapted so that carbon dioxide can diffuse into it’s cells?

A
  • underneath of the leaf is an exchange surface
  • guard cells can close stomata if water is being lost quicker then it’s being replaced by the roots
  • flattened shape of leaf increases surface area
  • walls of the cells inside the leaf is a second exchange surface and the air surfaces in the leaf increase the area of this surface
57
Q

What are the features of the gill that improve gas exchange?

A
  • gills are made of lots of gill filaments which increase surface area
  • gill filaments are covered in lamellae which increases the surface area even more
  • lamellae also have lots of capillaries which speeds up diffusion
  • they also have a thin surface layer of cells to minimises distance that the gases have to diffuse
  • blood and water flow in opposite directions so there is a large concentration gradient
58
Q
A

Biology (6 decks)

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