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Infection and response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the different types of pathogens?

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • protists
  • fungi
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2
Q

Why can bacteria make you feel ill?

A

they reproduce rapidly and produce toxins that damage your cells and tissue

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3
Q

Why can viruses make you feel ill?

A

they reproduce rapidly and live inside your cells and replicate themselves to produce many copies of the virus. They then burst releasing all the new viruses, damaging your cells.

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4
Q

What is an example of a protist?

A

a parasite

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5
Q

How are parasites transferred to organisms?

A

by a vector

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6
Q

How do fungi cause disease?

A

the hyphae grow and penetrate human skin or the surface of a plant causing disease. Hyphae can produce spores which can be spread to other plants and animals

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7
Q

how can pathogens be spread?

A
  • water
  • air
  • direct contact
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8
Q

What are three examples of a viral disease?

A
  • measles
  • HIV
  • Tobacco mosaic virus
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9
Q

What are the symptoms of measles and how is it spread?

A

it’s spread by droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough
symptoms are a red skin rash and a high fever

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10
Q

What can measles lead to?

A

pneumonia or inflammation of the brain

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV and how is it spread?

A

it’s spread by sexual contact or exchanging of bodily fluids
there are flu-like symptoms for a few weeks but then there aren’t any symptoms for a few years

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12
Q

How is HIV controlled?

A

antiretroviral drugs that stop the virus replicating in the body

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13
Q

What is the late stage of HIV called?

A

AIDS

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of TMV?

A
  • mosaic pattern on leaves of the plants
  • discoloration on leaves so the plant can’t carry out photosynthesis as well thus leading to stunted growth
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15
Q

What is an example of a fungal disease?

A

rose black spot

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

A
  • black spots on rose leaves and they eventually turn yellow and drop off
  • less photosynthesis can occur so the plants don’t grow as well
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17
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

through the environment in wind and water

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18
Q

How is rose black spot treated?

A
  • fungicides
  • stripping the plant of it’s affected leaves and then destroying the leaves so the disease can’t be spread
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19
Q

What is an example of a disease caused by a protist?

A

malaria

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria and what is it’s vector?

A

it’s carried by mosquitoes
and it’s symptoms are repeating episodes of fever
^ can be fatal

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21
Q

How do people prevent malaria?

A
  • insecticides
  • mosquito nets
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22
Q

What are two examples of bacterial diseases?

A
  • salmonella
  • gonorrhoea
23
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella and what are they caused by?

A

they are caused by toxins that the bacteria produces
the symptoms are:
- fever
- stomach cramps
- vomiting
- diarrhoea

24
Q

How is the spread of salmonella controlled?

A

most poultry in the UK is vaccinated against salmonella

25
Q

How is salmonella spread?

A

by eating food that is contaminated with the bacteria

26
Q

How is gonorrhoea spread and what are the symptoms?

A

it is spread via sexual contact
the symptoms are:
- pain when urinating
- yellow or green discharge from vagina or penis

27
Q

How is gonorrhoea treated and prevented?

A

it can be treated with antibiotics
and prevented via the use of barrier contraception

28
Q

How can the spread of disease be prevented?

A
  • being hygienic
  • destroying vectors
  • isolating infected individuals
  • vaccination
29
Q

What are the different parts of the human defence system?

A
  • skin- acts as a barrier to pathogens and secretes antimicrobial substances
  • hairs and mucus in nose trap pathogens
  • trachea and bronchi secretes mucus to trap pathogens and are lined with cilia which waft the mucus to the back of the throat to be swallowed
  • stomach produces hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens
30
Q

How do white blood cells produce antibodies?

A
  • when they come across a foreign antigen they will produce antibodies to lock onto the invading cells so they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells
31
Q

How does somebody become naturally immune to a disease?

A

If they have had that disease before the white blood cells will automatically produce the antibodies to kill it

32
Q

Describe the process of vaccination

A

injecting small amounts of inactive pathogens that carry antigens which cause your body to produce antibodies to attack them.

33
Q

What are the pros and cons of vaccination?

A

PROS:
- help control communicable diseases that were once common
- can prevent epidemics
CONS:
- they don’t always work
- you can sometimes have a bad reaction

34
Q

How does bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

A

by mutating

35
Q

What drugs originate from plants and what do they do

A
  • Aspirin is used as a pain killer and to lower fever comes from willow
  • digitalis treats heart conditions and comes from foxgloves
36
Q

What is an example of a drug that was extracted from a microorganism?

A

penicillin

37
Q

What are the three stages in drug testing?

A
  • testing on human cells and tissue
  • animal testing
  • testing on human volunteers in a clinical trial
38
Q

Why can’t you just test drugs on human cells and tissues?

A

the drugs may affect whole or multiple organ systems

39
Q

Why is animal testing used?

A

to test efficacy, find out it’s toxicity and find the best dosage

40
Q

What are the British laws on animal testing?

A

new drugs must be tested on two different live mammals

41
Q

Describe the process of drug testing on human volunteers

A
  1. drug is tested on healthy volunteers- to see if there are any harmful side affects
  2. if successful it is then tested on people with an illness- to find the optimum dose
  3. patients are randomly put in two groups one group receives the drug and the other gets a placebo to test how well the drug works
  4. it is a blind trial so the patients aren’t subconsciously influenced by their knowledge
  5. results are published AFTER peer review so there is no false claims
42
Q

what are antibodies produced by?

A

b-lymphocytes

43
Q

What hormone is found in the urine of a pregnant woman?

A

HCG

43
Q

How do you produce monoclonal antibodies?

A
  1. a mouse gets injected with the chosen antigen
  2. take a b-lymphocyte from the mouse and fuse it with a tumour cell to produce a hybridoma
  3. it will divide quickly to produce lots of clones that will produce the monoclonal antibodies.
44
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat cancer?

A
  • cancer cells have antigens - - - called tumour markers
    you can make monoclonal antibodies that will bind to them
  • attach the monoclonal antibodies onto a anti cancer drug
  • give them to the patient via a drip
  • the antibodies will only kill the cancer cells as they can only bind to the tumour markers
45
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be used locate specific molecules on a cell?

A

1.monoclonal antibodies are made for the molecule you are looking for
2. antibodies are then bound to a fluorescent dye
3. if the molecule is present it will bind to antibody and can be detected by the dye

46
Q

What are the pros and cons of monoclonal antibodies?

A

PROS
- can treat cancer without affecting normal body cells
CONS
- side effects such as: fever, vomiting and low blood pressure

47
Q

Why do plants need nitrates and what would happen without them?

A

They are needed to make proteins and therefore growth- lack of nitrates causes stunted growth

48
Q

Why do plants need magnesium ions and what would happen without them?

A

They are needed to make chlorophyll which is needed for photosynthesis- lack of magnesium ions causes chlorosis and yellow leaves

49
Q

What are the common signs of plant disease?

A
  • stunted growth
  • spots on leaves
  • patches of decay
  • abnormal growths
  • malformed stems or leaves
  • discolouration
50
Q

What are some examples of physical defences in a plant?

A
  • waxy cuticle
  • cell wall made from cellulose
  • layer of dead cells round stem
    ^ all barriers to stop pathogens from entering
51
Q

What are some examples of chemical defences in a plant?

A
  • some can produce antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria (mint and witch hazel)
  • some produce poisons which deter herbivores (foxgloves and tobacco plants)
52
Q

What are sine examples of mechanical defences in a plant?

A
  • thorns and hairs to stop animals from eating them
  • leaves that curl when touched- knocks insects off
  • mimicking other plants to not get eaten

Biology (6 decks)

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