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Organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a cell?

A

Basic unit of life

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2
Q

Define tissue

A

A group of similar cells working together to perform a function

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3
Q

Define organelle

A

Part of a cell

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4
Q

Define organ system

A

A group of organs working together to perform a function

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5
Q

What is an organism

A

An individual animal, plant or unicellular life form

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6
Q

Define organ

A

A group of tissues working together to perform a function

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7
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Where food is churned up and broken down, mixed with acid which kills bacteria

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8
Q

What does the rectum store?

A

Faeces

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9
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

Stores bile

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10
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

Digestion continues and soluble molecules are absorbed into bloodstream. Digests fat

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11
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A

Water is absorbed from from undigested food into bloodstream

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12
Q

What does the salivary glands do?

A

Produces digestive juices/enzymes

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13
Q

What 3 tissues make up the stomach?

A

.Glandular
.Epithelial
.Muscular

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14
Q

What does the glandular tissue do and what is it made of?

A

Produces digestive juices. Made of a secretary cells

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15
Q

What does the epithelial tissue do and what is it made of?

A

Coats the inside and outside. Made of epithelial cells

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16
Q

What does the muscular tissue do and what is it made of?

A

To contract, squeeze and churn up food. Made of muscle cells

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17
Q

How is the alveoli adapted for gas exchange

A

.large surface area- means higher rate of diffusion
.good blood supply- keep a high concentration gradient
.moist- gas dissolve into the water so diffuse quicker
.thin- shorter diffusion path

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18
Q

What does the diaphragm do?

A

Force air in and out of lungs

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19
Q

What is the function of arteries, veins and capillaries

A

Arteries- carry blood away from heart
Veins- carry blood to heart
Capillaries- allow the exchange of food and oxygen between the blood and the body’s cells

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20
Q

Which vessel has high pressure and what adaptation does it have for this?

A

Arteries
.thick walls (narrow lumen and no need for valves)
. Walls are elastic

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21
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

They have low pressure so valves stop back flow of blood

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22
Q

Do capillaries have thick or thin walls, why?

A

Thin- 1 cell thick allowing diffusion of substances which increases rate of diffusion

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23
Q

Are capillaries narrow or wide, why?

A

Narrow meaning a large surface area to volume ratio

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24
Q

Do veins have large or small lumens, why?

A

Large because they are under less pressure

25
Q

True or false:
Blood is a tissue

A

True

26
Q

How are red blood cells adapted for its job?

A

. Biconcave shape- gives large surface area for absorbing O2
. Contains haemoglobin to carry oxygen
. Has no nucleus- more room for haemoglobin

27
Q

What is the job of the white blood cell?

A

Defend against disease causing microorganisms

28
Q

True or false:
Whit blood cells don’t have nuclei

A

False
They can have multiple

29
Q

What are platelets made of?

A

Fragments of cells

30
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Helps blood clot, sealing wounds which stops you losing too much blood and keeping microorganisms put

31
Q

What does plasma carry?

A

.platelets
.white blood cells
.red blood cells
.urea
.hormones
.proteins
.antibodies and antitoxins
.CO2

32
Q

What does the stem do?

A

Support the plant and carry water+ minerals to rest of plant

33
Q

What do the petals do?

A

attract pollinators

34
Q

What is the job of the waxy cuticle?

A

seal off leaf to stop unwanted things coming in and reduces water loss by evaporation

35
Q

Name the sections of a leaf from top to bottom

A

Waxy cuticle
Upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll (containing air spaces)
Lower epidermis
Guard cells and stomata

36
Q

What does the upper epidermis do?

A

provides an upper surface, lets light through

37
Q

Where does most of photosynthesis occur?

A

Palisade mesophyll

38
Q

Where are there air spaces and what do they do?

A

Spongy mesophyll.
Increase rate if diffusion of gases.

39
Q

What are the stomata?

A

Hole in the bottom of the leaf that let in C02 and H20 + O2 out

40
Q

What do the guard cells do?

A

Open and close the stomata

41
Q

What is the function of the vascular bundle?

A

Transport water, mineral ions and food around plant

42
Q

Describe the function and features of the phloem

A

Transports sucrose and amino acids
.made of columns of living cells
.small holes in end walls allowing sap to flow
.moves sucrose up and down plant

43
Q

Describe the function and features of the xylem

A

.dead cells joined end to end
.no end walls
.moves water and mineral up from roots to stems to leaves
.strengthened with lignin

44
Q

What process describes movement of water and minerals through xylem and what process describes movement of sucrose and amino acids?

A

xylem- transpiration
phloem-translocation

45
Q

What are the stages of the transpiration stream?

A

1) water evaporates and diffuses out of stomata
2)water is drawn from the cells in the xylem
to replace that which has been lost from the leaves. Moves from high concentration to low via osmosis
3)As water travels through the xylem in the stem and leaf, it is being replaced by water taken up by the roots

46
Q

What are the uses of the transpiration?

A

.provides the water for photosynthesis

.transports mineral ions
cools the leaf as water evaporates

.provides water that keeps the cells turgid

47
Q

Explain the factors affecting transpiration

A

Temperature- water molecules increase in kinetic energy making them move faster so more water molecules evaporate from cell surfaces increasing rate of diffusion
Humidity-Reduces the concentration of water molecules outside the leaf so diffusion of water from the leaf increases
Factor Change that increases transpiration Explanation
Temperature Increase Increases molecular movement so that: more water molecules evaporate from cell surfaces and the rate of diffusion of water molecules from the leaf is increased
Humidity Decrease Reduces the concentration of water molecules outside the leaf so diffusion of water from the leaf increases
Air movement-Removes water vapour from leaf surfaces so more water diffuses from the leaf
Factor Change that increases transpiration Explanation
Temperature Increase Increases molecular movement so that: more water molecules evaporate from cell surfaces and the rate of diffusion of water molecules from the leaf is increased
Humidity Decrease Reduces the concentration of water molecules outside the leaf so diffusion of water from the leaf increases
Air movement Increase Removes water vapour from leaf surfaces so more water diffuses from the leaf
Light intensity- Increases the rate of photosynthesis, stomata open so that water diffuses out of the leaf

48
Q

What does a potometer measure and what formula do we use to work it out?

A

Measures amount of water taken up by a plant

distance air bubble moved/time it took

49
Q

How is the heart a double pump?

A

The first pump carries deoxygenated blood to your lungs, where it unloads carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. It then delivers oxygenated blood back to your heart. The second pump delivers oxygenated blood to your body

50
Q

learn diagram for heart

A
51
Q

What does the right ventricle do?

A

pumps blood to the lungs where
gas exchange takes place

52
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

pumps blood around the
rest of the body

53
Q

Which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to body?

A

left

54
Q

How do you calculate blood flow?

A

cardiac output(cm^3/min)=heart rate(bpm) x stroke volume (cm^3)

55
Q

What is the natural pacemaker?

A

Specialised cells in the right atrium that generate electrical signals that spread to surrounding muscle cells causing them to contract

56
Q

What is an artificial pacemaker?

A

Battery operated device implanted in chest sending regular electrical impulses to produce normal contractions

57
Q

What does the phloem transport sucrose for?

A

Respiration and storage

58
Q

Where does the heart get it’s supply of oxygen?

A

Coronary arteries

59
Q

Describe job and structure of capillaries

A

Job: supply oxygen and food, take away waste like carbon dioxide
.Really tiny
.1 cell thick
.Permeable walls so that substances can diffuse in and out

Biology (5 decks)

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