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Bioenergetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen+ glucose -> carbon dioxide+ water

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2
Q

What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

6O2+ C6H12O6 -> 6CO2+ 6H2O

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3
Q

Define breathing

A

The physical process of inhaling and exhaling air in and out of lungs

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4
Q

Define respiration

A

The chemical, exothermic reaction where glucose and oxygen chemically react to release energy for cellular reactions. Goes on in every cell continuously.

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5
Q

What do animals need energy from respiration for?

A

. Keeping a constant body temperature
. Muscle contractions
. Building molecules

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6
Q

Give examples of why plants need glucose from respiration for?

A

.For respiration
.Making amino acids- glucose is combined with nitrate ions to make amino acids
.Make cellulose- converted to cellulose for plant cell walls
.Stored as oils or fats
.Stored as starch

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7
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose -> lactic acid + energy

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8
Q

Define anaerobic respiration

A

The incomplete breakdown of glucose and so releases less energy than aerobic respiration making lactic acid

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9
Q

What are the negatives of anaerobic respiration?

A

. Releases less energy than aerobic because the glucose isn’t fully oxidised
. Produces lactic acid which is toxic

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10
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

After anaerobic respiration, you have to pay back the oxygen to break down the lactic acid into CO2.

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11
Q

When would plants respire anaerobically? Give an example.

A

Plants that grow in areas of low oxygen e.g marshes

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12
Q

What is the name of when plants and yeast respire anaerobically?

A

Fermentation

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13
Q

What is the word equation for fermentation?

A

Glucose -> carbon dioxide+ ethanol+ energy

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14
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Biological catalysts, they control the rate of chemical reactions

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15
Q

Define metabolism

A

Sum of all the reactions in the cell of your body

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16
Q

Name 2 examples of exothermic reactions

A

. Respiration
. Breaking down proteins into urea

17
Q

Is photosynthesis an endothermic or exothermic reaction?

A

Endothermic.

18
Q

What are the 4 factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

-Carbon dioxide concentration
-Light intensity
-Temperature
-Amount of chlorophyll

19
Q

At night, what is usually the limiting factor in photosynthesis?

A

Light

20
Q

In winter, what is usually the limiting factor for photosynthesis?

A

Temperature

21
Q

If it’s warm and bright, what is usually the limiting factor for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide concentration.

22
Q

How can the amount of chlorophyll in a plant be affected?

A

Disease (e.g tobacco mosaic disease) or lack of nutrients.
These factors lead to chloroplast being damaged or to not make enough chlorophyll. Less light absorbed.

23
Q

Describe the relationship between light and rate of photosynthesis and why.

A

As light intensity increases so does photosynthesis until a point. Beyond that, it won’t make a difference because either carbon dioxide or temperature will be the limiting factor.

24
Q

Describe the relationship between carbon dioxide and rate of photosynthesis.

A

As carbon dioxide increases so does rate of photosynthesis up to a point. After that, it makes no difference as light and/or temperature will be the limiting factor.

25
Q

Describe the relationship between temperature and rate of photosynthesis and why.

A

If temperature is too low- the enzymes needed for photosynthesis work more slowly. Rate of photosynthesis increases with temperature until around 45 degrees where the enzymes start to denature.

26
Q

Explain an experiment to to measure effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis.

A

1) Canadian pondweed put in a glass tube with water in.
2)Put a source of white light at a specific distance away from the pondweed.
3)Leave the pondweed to photosynthesis for a set amount of time. Oxygen released will collect in capillary tube
4)The syringe is used to draw up the gas bubble in the tube up alongside a ruler to measure length of gas bubble- proportional to volume produced.
5)Repeat the exact same thing- calculate mean.
6)Repeat experiment with light source at a different distance.

27
Q

Explain the inverse square law.

A

Light intensity is inversely proportion to the square of the distance.
E.g if you third the distance, light intensity increase by 9. If you triple the distance, light intensity decreases by 9.

28
Q

What is the calculation to measure light intensity.

A

1/ distance squared.

29
Q

How can you artificially create the ideal conditions in a greenhouse?

A

. Artificial light can be used after the sun goes down to increase time for photosynthesis
. In winter, heaters keep ideal temperature
. In summer, ventilation keeps cools it down
. Carbon dioxide can be increased by using paraffin heaters- as the paraffin burns, carbon dioxide is a by product.

30
Q

Evaluate how cost efficient keeping ideal temperatures in a greenhouse is?

A

It costs money but if the farmer keeps conditions just right for photosynthesis, crops will grow at a faster rate so more will be sold. If done more than needed, wastes money.

31
Q

True or false:
Plants respire.

A

True. All living things respire.

32
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occur in humans?

A

When doing vigorous exercise and body can’t supply enough oxygen to your muscles. Does anaerobic as well as aerobic respiration.

33
Q

When is fermentation used in the food industry?

A

. In bread making- carbon dioxide from fermentation makes bread rise
. In beer and wine making- process produces alchohol

34
Q

Why do you respire more when exercising?

A

Your muscles contract more than usual so you need more energy.

35
Q

What’s muscle fatigue?

A

After long periods of exercise muscles get tired and stop contracting efficiently.

36
Q

How does your body get more oxygen in during exercise?

A

.Breathing rate and breath volume increases to get more oxygen in the blood
.Heart rate increases to get oxygenated blood around the body faster.

37
Q

Apart from converting lactic acid into carbon dioxide, what’s another way to cope with high levels of lactic acid?

A

Blood transports the lactic acid to the liver. In the liver, lactic acid is converted back to glucose.

Biology (5 decks)

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