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Cell biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does chloroplast do?

A

photosynthesis

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2
Q

What does chlorophyll do?

A

absorbs light to make food via photosynthesis

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3
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

Provides support for plant cells

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4
Q

What is a cell wall made of?

A

cellulose- strengthens the cell

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5
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

create proteins

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6
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

release energy via aerobic respiration

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7
Q

True or false:
Humans produce energy from respiration

A

false
RELEASE ENERGY

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8
Q

what does the nucleus do?

A

controls what cell does and contains genetic material

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9
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

controls what goes in and out of the cell

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10
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

gel like substance where chemical reactions occur

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11
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells dont?

A

.chloroplast
.cell wall
.vacuole

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12
Q

Which organisms have eukaryotic cells?

A

.Animals
.Plants
.Fungi

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13
Q

Which organisms have prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria

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14
Q

List properties of eukaryotic cells that make it different from prakaryotes

A

.have a nucleus
.multi-cellular or unicellular
.membrane bound organelles

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15
Q

List properties of prokaryotic cells

A

.no membrane bound organelles e.g dna not enclosed as no nucleus
.no nucleus
.unicellular

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16
Q

What do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have in common?

A

.DNA
.ribosomes
.cell membrane
.cytoplasm

NOT MITOCHONDRIA

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17
Q

How do light microscope work?

A

Uses lights and lenses to form an image of a specimen and magnify it

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18
Q

How does electron microscope work?

A

Uses a beam of electrons shone or transmitted onto specimen

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19
Q

What are the advantages of electron microscopes?

A

.better magnification
.better resolution
.allows to see sub-cellular structures

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20
Q

What are the advantages of light microscopes?

A

.cheaper
.relatively quick sample preparation time
.Colour images
.Looking at living samples

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21
Q

Which ones are smaller: prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes

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22
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

size of drawing/ actual size

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22
Q

What is inside the vacuole?

A

cell sap

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23
Q

Define differentiation

A

The process by which cells become specialised

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24
Q

What are the job of nerve cells and how is it adapted to carry out it’s function?

A

Carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another
.long-covers more distance
.branched connections at the end to connect to other nerve cells

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25
Q

What are the job of muscle cells and how is it adapted to carry out it’s function?

A

Contract quickly to allow movement
.contain lots of mitochondria-release energy from respiration for contraction
.long- space to contract

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26
Q

What are the job of root hair cells and how is it adapted to carry out it’s function?

A

Absorbs water and minerals
.large surface area-more space to absorb water and mineral ions from soil
.lots of mitochondria- release energy from respiration for active transport

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27
Q

What are the job of sperm cells and how is it adapted to carry out it’s function?

A

Get male DNA to female DNA by fertilisation
.long flagellum and streamline head helping it swim
.lots of mitochondria- releases energy from respiration to move

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28
Q

What is the job of the phloem and how is it adapted to carry out it’s function?

A

Transports sucrose and amino acids
.few subcellular structures so substances can flow through

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29
Q

What is the job of the xylem and how is it adapted to carry out it’s function?

A

Transports water
.hollow in centre-easily flow of water

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30
Q

What is cell division usually for?

A

Repair and replacement

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31
Q

What does a cell become after it’s differentiated?

A

specialised

32
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

a cell that performs a specific role

33
Q

True or false:
Most types of animal cells differentiate at a late stage

A

False
Most animal cells differentiate at an early stage

34
Q

True or false:
Most types of plant cells can only differentiate at certain stages

A

False
Mostly retain the ability to differentiate throughout
life

35
Q

By what process do bacteria multiply?

A

Binary fission

36
Q

How can bacteria be grown?

A

.nutrient broth solution .colonies on an
agar gel plate

37
Q

If a bacteria is going to be cultured why does the petri dish or culture media have to be sterilised?

A

. other contaminating bacteria would compete for nutrients in the broth or agar
.some bacteria could be harmful and would complicate the results when testing the efficiency of antibiotics

38
Q

why are inoculated agar plates incubated at 25°C in school laboratories for no more than 24–48 hours?

A

Encourages growth of the culture without growing human pathogens which thrive at body temperature (37°C)

39
Q

The mean division time for bacteria population A is 20 minutes. If the observation begins with one bacterium, calculate how many bacteria will be present after six hours.

A

1)Calculate how many times the bacteria divide in six hours
In one hour: 60/20 = 3
In 6 hours: 3x6=18

2)Calculate the number of bacteria in the population
.Every time the bacteria reproduce, the number double

Number of bacteria at the beginning = 1

Number of divisions = 18

1 × 2^18 = 1 × 262,144 = 262,144 bacteria

40
Q

True or false:
Chromosomes are normally found in pairs

A

True

41
Q

Rank from biggest to smallest: genes, chromosomes, DNA

A

Chromosome, genes, DNA

42
Q

How many chromosomes are there in a cell?

A

46
.23 pairs

43
Q

What controls characteristics?

A

genes

44
Q

What is genome?

A

entire set of genetic material

45
Q

What is mitosis for?

A

growth, repair

46
Q

Explain the stages of the cell cycle for mitosis

A

1) Subcellular structures increase in number. DNA doubles

2)Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. Each ar, of chromosomes are pulled to different ends of the cell.

3)The cell membrane and cytoplasm pinches in and eventually divides into two daughter cells.

47
Q

What is the process of binary fission

A

Step 1- Replication of DNA. The bacterium uncoils and replicates its chromosome, doubling its content.
Step 2- Growth of a Cell. After copying the chromosome, the bacterium starts to grow larger
Step 3-Segregation of DNA.
Step 4- Splitting of Cells.

48
Q

Compare binary fission and mitosis

A

.Both make copies of subcellular structures
.Both split to make 2 cells
.The 2 made cells end up being genetically identical in mitosis, not always in binary fission
.Mitosis is for growth and repair, binary fission for reproduction

49
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells of an organism which is capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type

50
Q

True or false:
Bone marrow can become a few types of cells

A

True such as blood cells

51
Q

Where does cell division occur in plants?

A

Meristem

52
Q

What types of cell can be made in an adult plant?

A

Every type

53
Q

Name the advantages of using stem cells

A

.treat a wide range of diseases and injuries e.g diabtes, Parkinson’s disease
.will not be rejected by the patient’s body
.can have embryos left from IVF (will be destroyed anyway so why not use it?)

54
Q

Name the disadvantages of using embryonic cells

A

.believe that the destruction of embryos in killing
.if stem cells have virus, can be transmitted to patient

55
Q

Why would you use stem cells to produce clones of plants?

A
  • Rare species can be cloned to protect from extinction.
  • Crop plants with disease resistance can be
    cloned to produce large numbers of identical plants .
56
Q

Define osmosis

A

Movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high concentration to lower concentration

57
Q

Define diffusion

A

The movement of particles from a region of high concentration to lower concentration

58
Q

What substances are transported in and out of human cells by diffusion

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide in gas exchange,
urea from cells into the blood plasma for excretion in the kidney

59
Q

What factors affect diffusion?

A

.The greater the surface area, the faster the rate of diffusion
. The greater the difference in concentration, the quicker the rate of diffusion.
.The higher the temperature, the more kinetic energy the particles will have, so they will move and mix more quickly.

60
Q

Names some exchange surfaces

A

.villi
.gills
.alveoli
.cell membrane
.root hair cell

61
Q

How are alveoli adapted to be a good exchange surface?

A

.Thin walls- 1 cell thick meaning short diffusion path
.Moist walls-gases dissolve in the moisture helping them to pass across the gas exchange surface
.Having an efficient blood supply-ensuring oxygen rich blood is taken away from the lungs and carbon dioxide rich blood is taken to the lungs
.Large surface area - many alveoli are present in the lungs with a shape that further increases surface area

62
Q

learn diagram for osmosis

A
63
Q

True or false:
The larger the organism, the smaller its surface area to volume ratio

A

True
.unicellular organisms e.g bacteria have high surface area to volume ratio

64
Q

Define active transport

A

Movement of particles against concentration gradient using energy transferred from respiration

65
Q

Give an example of when active transport is used

A

.mineral ions to be absorbed into plant root hairs
from very dilute solutions in the soil
.sugar molecules to be absorbed from lower concentrations
in the gut into the blood which has a higher sugar concentration

66
Q

Explain how gills are used as an exchange surface

A

As water passes over gill, oxygen diffuses into the blood while C02 passes out of fish blood into water

67
Q

How do you work out surface area to volume ratio?

A

1) work out surface area
2)work out volume
3)simplify

68
Q

Where are enzymes found in the cell?

A

Cytoplasm

69
Q

How do you grow bacteria on an agar jelly plate?

A

Pour hot agar jelly into petri dish.
When jelly’s cooled and set, use inoculating loops o transfer microorganisms to culture medium (with minerals and vitamins needed to grow).

70
Q

When is active transport used in the human body?

A

It allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from lower concentrations
in the gut into the blood which has a higher sugar concentration.

71
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for exchanging materials?

A

The inside is covered in millions of vili which increase the surface area so that digested food is more quickly absorbed into the blood.
-Good blood supply
-One cell thick

72
Q

How is a leaf adapted for exchanging materials.

A

. Stomata at bottom of leaf- 02 and water vapour diffuse out, C02 diffuses out
-Flattened shape increases surface area
-Air spaces to increase area so more chance for C02 to get into cells

73
Q

How are gills adapted for exchanging materials.

A

.Each gill is made up of thin plates called gill filaments which give a big surface area
.Gill filaments covered in lamellae which:
-increase surface area
-have lots of capillary
-

74
Q

Explain the process of microscopy on an onion.

A

.Add a drop of water to your slide
.Cut up the onion and peel the epidermal tissue from the bottom of on of the layers using tweezers
.Using tweezers, put onion on top of water on the slide
.Stain with iodine solutions to highlight subcellular structures
.Place a cover slip
.Adjust coarse adjustment knob, look through lens then adjust fine adjustment knob

75
Q

Explain the practical on how to investigate the effects of antibiotic in bacterial growth.

A
  1. Place paper discs soaked in different types (or concentration) of antibiotics on an agar plate with space between them
    2)Use a control- a plain disc soaked in sterile water to see that the results are due to the effect of antibiotic alone
    3)Tape lid on and store upside down for 48 hours in 25 degrees C
76
Q

How do you make sure in the investigation of antibiotics in bacterial cultures are uncontaminated?

A
  1. Tape the lid on the petri dish and store it upside down so that condensation doesn’t fall on agar surface
    2)Pass the inoculating hoops over fire
    3)Petri dishes and culture media must be sterilised
77
Q

How do you work out the zone of inhibition?

A

Pi r squared

Biology (5 decks)

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