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Biology - Paper 1 > ORGANISATION > Flashcards

ORGANISATION Flashcards

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1
Q

5 levels of organisation

A

cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, organisms

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2
Q

what is a tissue

A

group of cells with similar structures and functions

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3
Q

what is the function of the liver in the digestive system

A

produces bile, which neutralises hydrochloric acid from the stomach and emulsifies fat to form small droplets with a large surface area

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4
Q

what is the function of saliva in digestion

A

lubrication to help swallowing - contains amylase to break down starch

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5
Q

3 enzymes produced in the pancreas

A

amylase, protease, lipase

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6
Q

main components of blood

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets

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7
Q

how do white blood cells protect the body

A

engulf pathogens and produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins or antibodies

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8
Q

substances transported in the blood

A

hormones, proteins, urea, carbon dioxide, glucose

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9
Q

why is the human circulatory system a double circulatory system

A

blood passes through the heart twice for every circuit around the body - deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right side of the heart to the lungs, and the oxygenated blood that returns is pumped from the left side of the heart to the body

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10
Q

how does the structure of an artery relate to its function

A

carries blood away from the heart under high pressures - has a small lumen and thick, elasticated walls that can stretch

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11
Q

how does the structure of a vein relate to its function

A

carries blood back to the heart at low pressures - doesn’t need thick, elasticated walls, but has valves to prevent blood flowing the wrong way

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12
Q

how does the structure of a capillary relate to its function

A

carries blood to cells and tissues - has a one cell thick wall to provide a short diffusion distance

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13
Q

list the structures air passes through when breathing in

A

mouth/nose - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli

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14
Q

what are enzymes

A

protein molecules that catalyse specific reactions in organisms

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15
Q

why are enzymes described as specific

A

each enzyme only catalyses a specific reaction, because the active site only fits together with certain substrates

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16
Q

describe the function of amylase

A

to break down starch onto glucose

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17
Q

where is amylase produced

A

salivary glands, pancreas, and small intestine

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18
Q

describe the function of proteases

A

to break down proteins into amino acids

19
Q

where are proteases produced

A

stomach, pancreas and small intestine

20
Q

function of lipase

A

break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

21
Q

where is lipase produced

A

pancreas and small intestine

22
Q

2 factors affecting the rate of activity of an enzyme

A

pH and temperature

23
Q

what does denatured mean

A

shape of an enzymes active site is changed by higher temperatures or extreme pH, so it cannot bind with substrate

24
Q

describe the effect of temperature on enzyme activity

A

as temp increases, rate of reaction increases until it reaches the optimum for enzyme activity - above this temperature enzyme activity decreases and eventually stops

25
Q

describe the effect of pH on enzyme activity

A

different enzymes have different optimum pHs at which their activity is greatest - a pH much lower or higher than this, enzyme activity decreases and stops

26
Q

why do different digestive enzymes have different optimum pHs

A

different parts of the digestive system have very different pHs - the stomach is very acidic and the pH in the small intestine is close to neutral

27
Q

how is the upper epidermis adapted for its function

A
  • single layer os transparent cells allow light to pass through
  • cells secrete a waxy substance that makes the leaf waterproof
28
Q

how is the palisade mesophyll adapted for its function

A

tightly packed cels with lots of chloroplasts to absorb as much light as possible for photosynthesis

29
Q

how is the spongy mesophyll adapted for its function

A

air spaces increase the surface area and allow gases to diffuse quickly

30
Q

what is the function of the guard cells

A

control the opening and closing of the stomata

31
Q

what is the function of the xylem

A

transport water and mineral ions from the roots to the rest of the plant

32
Q

3 adaptations of the xylem

A
  • made of dead cells
  • no end wall between cells
  • walls strengthened by a chemical called lignin to withstand the pressure of the water
33
Q

function of the phloem

A

transport dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant

34
Q

purpose of translocation

A

transport dissolved sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant for respiration, growth and storage

35
Q

define the term transpiration

A

movement of water from the roots to the leaves through xylem

36
Q

purpose of transpiration

A
  • provides water to keep cells turgid
  • provide water to cells for photosynthesis
  • transport mineral ions to leaves
37
Q

4 factors that affect the rate os transpiration

A

temperature, light intensity, humidity and wind speed

38
Q

what effect does temperature have on the rate of transpiration

A

higher temperatures increase the rate of transpiration

39
Q

what effect does humidity have on the rate of transpiration

A

higher levels of humidity decrease the rate of transpiration

40
Q

why does increased light intensity increase the rate of transpiration

A

stomata open wider to let more carbon dioxide into the leaf for photosynthesis

41
Q

what is the function of the stomata

A

allow diffusion of gases into and out of the plant

42
Q

where are most of the stomata found

A

underside of leaves

43
Q

what is the advantage to the plant having a high number of stomata at this location

A

reduces amount of water loss through evaporation

Biology - Paper 1 (4 decks)

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