Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology - Paper 1 > INFECTION AND RESPONSE > Flashcards

INFECTION AND RESPONSE Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a communicable disease

A

a disease that can be transmitted from one organism to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a pathogen

A

a microorganism that causes disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4 types of pathogen

A

bacteria, fungi, protists, viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how can pathogens spread

A

air, water, direct contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how do bacteria make you ill

A

produce toxins and damage tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how do viruses make you ill

A

reproduce rapidly inside cells, damaging or destroying them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 examples of viral diseases

A

measles, HIV, tobacco mosaic virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

2 examples of bacterial diseases

A

salmonella, gonorrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

4 methods to control the spread of communicable diseases

A

good hygiene, isolating infected individuals, controlling vectors and vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe an example of a protist disease

A

malaria - caused by a protist pathogen that is spread from person to person by mosquito bites, and causes recurrent fevers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe an example of a fungal disease in plants

A

rose black spot - spread by water and wind, and affects plant growth by reducing a plants ability to photosynthesise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how can the cause of plant diseases be identified

A

gardening manuals and websites, laboratory testing, monoclonal antibody kits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

3 mechanical defences that protect plants

A

thorns and hairs, leaves that drop or curl and mimicry to trick animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 physical defences of plants

A

cellulose cell walls, tough waxy cuticles, bark on trees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how can aphids be controlled by gardeners

A

introduce ladybirds to eat the aphids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how can plant disease be detected

A

areas of decay, discolouration, growths, malformed stems or leaves, presence of pests, spots on leaves and stunted growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what non-specific systems does the body use to prevent pathogens getting into it

A

skin; cilia and mucus in the nose, trachea, and bronchi; stomach acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

3 functions of a white blood cell

A

phagocytosis, producing antibodies, producing antitoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens during phagocytosis

A

phagocyte is attracted to the area of infection, engulfs a pathogen, and releases enzymes to digest the pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are antigens

A

proteins on the surface of a pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

why are antibodies a specific defence

A

antibodies have to be the right shape for a pathogens unique antigens so they target a specific pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the function of an antitoxin

A

neutralise toxins produced by pathogens by binding to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does a vaccine contain

A

small quantities of a dead or inactive form of a pathogen

24
Q

how does vaccination protect against a specific pathogen

A

vaccination stimulates the body to produce antibodies against a specific pathogen - if the same pathogen re-enters the body, white blood cells rapidly produce the correct antibodies

25
Q

what is herd immunity

A

when most of a population is vaccinated against a disease, meaning its less likely to spread

26
Q

what is an antibiotic

A

drugs that kill bacteria but not viruses

27
Q

what do painkillers do

A

treat some symptoms of diseases and relieve pain

28
Q

what properties of new drugs are clinical trials designed to test

A

toxicity, efficacy, and optimum dose

29
Q

what happens in the pre-clinical stage of a drug trial

A

drug is tested on cells, tissues and live animals

30
Q

what is a placebo

A

medicine with no effect that is given to patients instead of the real drug in a trial

31
Q

what is a double blind trial

A

a trial where neither patients nor doctors know who receives the real drug or placebo

32
Q

what is a hybridoma

A

hybrid of a lymphocyte and tumour cell - can divide and grow endlessly and produce antibodies

33
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies used in research

A

for locating and identifying specific molecules in cells and tissues

34
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies used in diagnostic testing

A

fro measuring levels of specific hormones or chemicals in the blood or urine, for example, pregnancy tests detect HCG hormone in the urine

35
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies used to treat cancer

A

for delivering toxic chemicals and drugs directly to cancer cells, limiting their harm to other cells in the body

36
Q

why are monoclonal antibodies not yet as widely used as was hoped

A

more side effects than were initially expected

37
Q

why should an inoculating loop be passed through a blue bunsen flame before and after use

A

sterilise it and kill bacteria

38
Q

2 culture media that microorganisms can be grown in

A

nutrient broth solution and agar gel plates

39
Q

why should the lids of agar gel plates ad culture bottles be opened as little as possible

A

to prevent contamination with microorganisms from the air

40
Q

why should you not incubate at temps higher than 25

A

to reduce the chance of human pathogens growing

41
Q

why should agar gel plates be incubated upside down

A

to prevent contamination from condensation collecting on the surface of the agar

42
Q

how quickly can bacteria multiply

A

doubles every 20 mins in optimum conditions

43
Q

why is good aseptic technique important

A

to grow bacterial cultures without contamination

44
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

layer of fatty material that builds up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them - results in a lack of oxygen for the heart

45
Q

what is a stent

A

device inserted into a blocked artery to keep it open, allowing more blood and oxygen to the heart

46
Q

what are statins

A

drugs that reduce blood cholesterol levels, slowing the rate o fatty material deposit

47
Q

what is a faulty heart valve

A

valve that doesn’t open properly or leaks

48
Q

when do heart transplants take place

A

in cases of heart failure

49
Q

what are artificial hearts used for

A

keep patients alive while waiting for a transplant or allow the heart to rest for recovery

50
Q

define health

A

state of physical and mental well being

51
Q

what factors can effect health

A

disease, diet, stress, exercise, life situations

52
Q

what is a risk factor

A

aspect of lifestyle or substance in the body that can increases the risk of a disease developing

53
Q

5 risk factors

A

diet, smoking, exercise, alcohol, carcinogens

54
Q

what is cancer

A

a result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and cell division by mitosis

55
Q

what are malignant tumours

A

cancerous tumours that can spread to the neighbouring tissues and other parts of the body in the blood, forming secondary tumours

56
Q

what are benign tumours

A

non-cancerous tumours that do not spread in the body

57
Q

what 2 types of risk factor affect the development of cancers

A

lifestyle and genetic risk factors

Biology - Paper 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions