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Biology - Paper 1 > CELL BIOLOGY > Flashcards

CELL BIOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

2 types of eukaryotic cell

A

animal and plant

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2
Q

what type of cell are bacteria

A

prokaryotic

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3
Q

where is DNA found in animal and plant cells

A

in the nucleus

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4
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane

A

controls movement of substances in and out of the cell

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5
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria

A

site of respiration to transfer energy for the cell

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6
Q

what is the function of chloroplasts

A

contain chlorophyll to absorb light energy for photosynthesis

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7
Q

what is the function of ribosomes

A

enable production of proteins - protein synthesis

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8
Q

what is the function of the cell wall

A

strengthens and supports the cell

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9
Q

what is the structure of the main genetic material in a prokaryotic cell

A

single loop of DNA

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10
Q

how are electron microscopes different to light microscopes

A
  • electron microscopes use beams of electrons instead of light
  • cannot be used to view living samples
  • more expensive
  • higher magnification and resolution
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11
Q

function of a red blood cell

A

carries oxygen around the body

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12
Q

3 adaptations of a red blood cell

A
  • no nucleus
  • contains haemoglobin
  • has a bi-concave shape
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13
Q

function of a nerve cell

A

carries electrical impulses around the body

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14
Q

2 adaptations of a nerve cell

A
  • branched endings
  • myelin sheath insulates the axon
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15
Q

function of a sperm cell

A

fertilises the ovum

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16
Q

2 adaptations of a sperm cell

A
  • tail
  • contains lots of mitochondria
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17
Q

function of a palisade cell

A

carries out photosynthesis in a leaf

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18
Q

2 adaptations of a palisade cell

A
  • lots of chloroplasts
  • located at the top of a leaf
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19
Q

function of a root hair cell

A

absorbs minerals and water from the soil

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20
Q

2 adaptations of a root hair cell

A
  • long projection
  • lots of mitochondria
21
Q

what is diffusion

A

movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration along the conc gradient

22
Q

3 factors that affect the rate of diffusion

A
  • concentration gradient
  • temperature
  • membrane surface area
23
Q

how are villi adapted for exchanging substances

A
  • long and thin
  • one cell thick membrane
  • good blood supply (maintains steep conc gradient)
24
Q

how are the lungs adapted for efficient gas exchange

A
  • alveoli - large surface area
  • moist membranes
  • once cel thick membranes
  • good blood supply
25
Q

how are fish gills adapted for efficient gas exchange

A
  • large surface area
  • thin layer of cells
  • good blood supply
26
Q

what is osmosis

A

diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

27
Q

give 1 example of osmosis in a plant

A

water moves from the soil into the root hair cell

28
Q

what is active transport

A

movement of particles against the concentration gradient - from a dilute solution to more concentrated solution - uses energy from respiration

29
Q

why is active transport needed in plant roots

A

concentration of mineral ions in the soil is lower than inside the root hair cells

30
Q

what is the purpose of active transport in the small intestine

A

sugars can be absorbed when the concentration of sugar in the small intestine is lower than the concentration of sugar in the blood

31
Q

what is a stem cell

A

undifferentiated cell that can differentiate into one or more specialised cell types

32
Q

what are adult stem cells

A

stem cells from adults that can only differentiate into certain specialised cells

33
Q

where are adult stem cells found

A

bone marrow

34
Q

what are embryonic stem cells

A

stem cells form embryos that can differentiate into any specialised cell

35
Q

where are embryonic stem cells found

A

early human embryos

36
Q

what is therapeutic cloning

A

patients cells are used to create an early embryo clone of themselves - can be used to treat medical conditions

37
Q

advantage of using therapeutic cloning

A

stem cells from the embryo are not rejected when transplanted because they have the same genes as the patient

38
Q

advantage of using adult stem cells

A

fewer ethical issues as obtained from adults who can consent to their use

39
Q

advantages of embryonic stem cells

A
  • can differentiate into any specialised cell so can treat many diseases
  • easier to obtain as they’re found in spare embryos from fertility clinics
40
Q

disadvantages of adult stem cells

A
  • can take a long time for a suitable donor
  • can only differentiate into some specialised cells - treats fewer diseases
41
Q

disadvantages of embryonic stem cells

A
  • ethical issues surrounding their use due to potential life
  • potential risks of transfer of viral infections
42
Q

what are plant meristems

A

area where rapid cell division occurs in tips of roots and shoots

43
Q

advantages of plant meristems to clone

A
  • rare species can be cloned to protect from extinction
  • plants with special features can be cloned
44
Q

disadvantages of plant meristems

A

no genetic variation sos entire cloned crop will be effected

45
Q

what is cell division by mitosis

A

body cells divide to form two identical daughter cells

46
Q

what is the purpose of mitosis

A

growth and repair of cells and asexual reproduction

47
Q

what happens during first stage of cell cycle

A

cell grows bigger, chromosomes duplicate, number of sub-cellular structures increases

48
Q

what happens during mitosis

A

one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides

49
Q

what happens during the third stage of the cell cycle

A

the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide forming two identical daughter cells

Biology - Paper 1 (4 decks)

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