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Biology AQA GCSE > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the organisational hierarchy

A

Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems

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2
Q

What is a cell

A

A basic building block that makes up all living organisms

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3
Q

What is a tissue

A

A group of cells that work together to carry out a particular function

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4
Q

Examples of tissues and their functions

A

Muscular tissue - contracts to move whatever it’s attached to
Glandular tissue - makes and secretes chemicals such as enzymes or hormones

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5
Q

What is an organ

A

A group different tissues that work together to form a specific function
eg glandular tissue which makes digestive juices

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6
Q

What is an organ system

A

A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
eg liver producing bile

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7
Q

What are enzymes

A

enzymes are catalysts produced by living things

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8
Q

What happens to the enzyme if the temperature gets too hot

A

The bonds holding the enzyme together can break and change the shape of the active site - this is called denaturing

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9
Q

What do enzymes do to big molecules

A

Break down big molecules which make the it easier for the smaller molecules to pass through the walls of the digestive system and therefore absorbed

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10
Q

Enzyme for carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrase
eg Amylase
Made in salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine

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11
Q

Enzyme for proteins

A

Protease
eg Pepsin
made in stomach, pancreas, small intestine

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12
Q

Enzyme for lipids

A

Lipase
made in pancreas, small intestine

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13
Q

What does an enzyme need to work optimally

A

Temperature and pH

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14
Q

What do carbs break down into

A

simple sugars e.g glucose

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15
Q

What do proteins break down into

A

amino acids

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16
Q

What do lipids break down into

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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17
Q

What does bile do

A

emulsifies fats into tiny droplets
neutralises stomach pH

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18
Q

Where is bile made and stored

A

Made in liver
Stored in gall bladder

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19
Q

What is bile’s pH

A

7-8

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20
Q

Describe gas exchange in the alveoli

A

Oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus and Carbon Dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveolus to be breathed out

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21
Q

What is a double circulatory system

A

Where the blood passes through the heart twice before being distributed

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22
Q

How does the heart pump blood around the heart

A

Into RA via Vena Cava
Into RV past Atrioventricular valves
Past Semi-lunar valves into pulmonary artery into lungs
OXIDISED
Into LA via pulmonary vein
Into LV past vale
Into aorta past valve
DISTRIBUTED

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23
Q

How is your resting heart rate controlled

A

It’s controlled by a group of cells in the RA wall that produce small electrical impulses causing the muscle to contract

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24
Q

What does an artificial pacemaker do

A

Control heartrate by sending electrical current to keep the heart beating

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25
Q

What do arteries do

A

Take blood away from the heart

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26
Q

What do veins do

A

Take blood to the heart

27
Q

What do capillaries do

A

Are involved with the exchange of materials at tissues

28
Q

How are arteries adapted

A

small lumen to maintain high pressure
Elastic fibres to stretch

29
Q

How are capillaries adapted

A

Permeable walls for diffusion
1 cell thick walls

30
Q

How are veins adapted

A

bigger lumen to help blood flow
valves to keep blood flowing in the right direction

31
Q

How are red blood cells adapted

A

Biconcave - Large SA
No nulceus - more room to carry O2
haemaglobin that helps to carry O2

32
Q

How are white blood cells adapted

A

Can produce antitoxins

33
Q

How are platelets useful

A

Chemical reactions involving them cause clotting of a wound

34
Q

What does blood plasma carry

A

Red and white blood cells and platelets
Nutrients eg glucose
CO2
Urea
Hormones
Proteins
Antibodies and antitoxins

35
Q

What are stents

A

They are tubes that are inserted into arteries keeping them open

36
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of stents

A

+ lower risk of HA
+ recovery time is quick and relatively riskless surgery
- can have complications from surgery such as a blood clot

37
Q

What do statins do

A

Reduce the amount of LDL cholesterol in blood stream

38
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of statins

A

+ reduce the risk of strokes and HAs
+ can increase the amount of HDL cholesterol
+ may help prevent other diseases
- long term drug that must be taken regularly
- sometimes negative side effects such as headaches
- effect isn’t instant

39
Q

What is health

A

The state of complete physical and mental wellbeing

40
Q

What do artificial hearts do

A

They pump blood for someone who’s heart has failed
+ less likely to be rejected
- the patient has to take blood-thinning drugs as there is a risk of clotting

41
Q

What do biological and mechanical valves do

A

Fixes a damaged or leaky valve
Can be biological
+ less risk of clots forming
- don’t last as long

Mechanical
+ last longer
- more risk of clots

42
Q

What are non-communicable diseases

A

Diseases that cannot spread between humans or between animals and humans

43
Q

What are communicable diseases

A

Diseases that can spread between humans or between animals and humans

44
Q

What is one way depression can be triggered

A

When someone is suffering from severe physical health problems

45
Q

What can immune system reactions caused by infection trigger

A

Allergic reactions or worsen the symptoms of asthma

46
Q

What are risk factors

A

Things that are linked to an increase in likelihood that a person will develop a disease

47
Q

What is smoking linked to

A

Cardiovascular disease, lung disease, and lung cancer, damaged foetuses

48
Q

What is obesity linked to

A

Type 2 diabetes

49
Q

What is alcohol linked to

A

Liver disease and brain function

50
Q

How is non-communicable diseases be costly

A

Cost on NHS to research and treat millions of patients
May also put someone out of work and affect economy

51
Q

What is cancer caused by

A

Uncontrolled cell growth and division

52
Q

What is a benign tumour

A

Where the tumour isn’t cancerous and stays in the same place

53
Q

What is a malignant tumour

A

Where the tumour is cancerous and can spread through the bloodstream

54
Q

Risk factors for cancer

A

Smoking
Obesity
UV exposure
Viral infection
Genetic factors - BRCA mutations have been linked to breast cancer

55
Q

Epidermal tissue

A

Covers the plant and is covered in a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss by evaporation
The upper epidermis is also transparent to allow light in

56
Q

Palisade mesophyll tissue

A

Where photosynthesis occurs - lots of chloroplasts

57
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

Air spaces to allow gases in diffuse in and out

58
Q

Xylem and phloem

A

Form a network of vascular bundles

59
Q

Meristem

A

Undifferentiated cells to help the plant grow

60
Q

What does phloem do

A

Transport food substances made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for use

61
Q

How is phloem adapted

A

Elongated and have small pores in end walls to allow cell sap to flow through
Transport goes in both directions (called translocation)

62
Q

Factors that affect the rate of transpiration

A

Light intensity
Temperature
Air flow
Humidity

63
Q

How are guard cells adapted to open/close stomata

A

Kidney shape
Thin outer walls and thick inner walls
Sensitive to light and close at night
On the underside

Biology AQA GCSE (7 decks)

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