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Biology AQA GCSE > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the organisational hierarchy

A

Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems

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2
Q

What is a cell

A

A basic building block that makes up all living organisms

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3
Q

What is a tissue

A

A group of cells that work together to carry out a particular function

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4
Q

Examples of tissues and their functions

A

Muscular tissue - contracts to move whatever it’s attached to
Glandular tissue - makes and secretes chemicals such as enzymes or hormones

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5
Q

What is an organ

A

A group different tissues that work together to form a specific function
eg glandular tissue which makes digestive juices

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6
Q

What is an organ system

A

A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
eg liver producing bile

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7
Q

What are enzymes

A

enzymes are catalysts produced by living things

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8
Q

What happens to the enzyme if the temperature gets too hot

A

The bonds holding the enzyme together can break and change the shape of the active site - this is called denaturing

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9
Q

What do enzymes do to big molecules

A

Break down big molecules which make the it easier for the smaller molecules to pass through the walls of the digestive system and therefore absorbed

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10
Q

Enzyme for carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrase
eg Amylase
Made in salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine

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11
Q

Enzyme for proteins

A

Protease
eg Pepsin
made in stomach, pancreas, small intestine

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12
Q

Enzyme for lipids

A

Lipase
made in pancreas, small intestine

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13
Q

What does an enzyme need to work optimally

A

Temperature and pH

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14
Q

What do carbs break down into

A

simple sugars e.g glucose

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15
Q

What do proteins break down into

A

amino acids

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16
Q

What do lipids break down into

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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17
Q

What does bile do

A

emulsifies fats into tiny droplets
neutralises stomach pH

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18
Q

Where is bile made and stored

A

Made in liver
Stored in gall bladder

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19
Q

What is bile’s pH

A

7-8

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20
Q

Describe gas exchange in the alveoli

A

Oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus and Carbon Dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveolus to be breathed out

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21
Q

What is a double circulatory system

A

Where the blood passes through the heart twice before being distributed

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22
Q

How does the heart pump blood around the heart

A

Into RA via Vena Cava
Into RV past Atrioventricular valves
Past Semi-lunar valves into pulmonary artery into lungs
OXIDISED
Into LA via pulmonary vein
Into LV past vale
Into aorta past valve
DISTRIBUTED

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23
Q

How is your resting heart rate controlled

A

It’s controlled by a group of cells in the RA wall that produce small electrical impulses causing the muscle to contract

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24
Q

What does an artificial pacemaker do

A

Control heartrate by sending electrical current to keep the heart beating

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25
What do arteries do
Take blood away from the heart
26
What do veins do
Take blood to the heart
27
What do capillaries do
Are involved with the exchange of materials at tissues
28
How are arteries adapted
small lumen to maintain high pressure Elastic fibres to stretch
29
How are capillaries adapted
Permeable walls for diffusion 1 cell thick walls
30
How are veins adapted
bigger lumen to help blood flow valves to keep blood flowing in the right direction
31
How are red blood cells adapted
Biconcave - Large SA No nulceus - more room to carry O2 haemaglobin that helps to carry O2
32
How are white blood cells adapted
Can produce antitoxins
33
How are platelets useful
Chemical reactions involving them cause clotting of a wound
34
What does blood plasma carry
Red and white blood cells and platelets Nutrients eg glucose CO2 Urea Hormones Proteins Antibodies and antitoxins
35
What are stents
They are tubes that are inserted into arteries keeping them open
36
Advantages and disadvantages of stents
+ lower risk of HA + recovery time is quick and relatively riskless surgery - can have complications from surgery such as a blood clot
37
What do statins do
Reduce the amount of LDL cholesterol in blood stream
38
Advantages and disadvantages of statins
+ reduce the risk of strokes and HAs + can increase the amount of HDL cholesterol + may help prevent other diseases - long term drug that must be taken regularly - sometimes negative side effects such as headaches - effect isn't instant
39
What is health
The state of complete physical and mental wellbeing
40
What do artificial hearts do
They pump blood for someone who's heart has failed + less likely to be rejected - the patient has to take blood-thinning drugs as there is a risk of clotting
41
What do biological and mechanical valves do
Fixes a damaged or leaky valve Can be biological + less risk of clots forming - don't last as long Mechanical + last longer - more risk of clots
42
What are non-communicable diseases
Diseases that cannot spread between humans or between animals and humans
43
What are communicable diseases
Diseases that can spread between humans or between animals and humans
44
What is one way depression can be triggered
When someone is suffering from severe physical health problems
45
What can immune system reactions caused by infection trigger
Allergic reactions or worsen the symptoms of asthma
46
What are risk factors
Things that are linked to an increase in likelihood that a person will develop a disease
47
What is smoking linked to
Cardiovascular disease, lung disease, and lung cancer, damaged foetuses
48
What is obesity linked to
Type 2 diabetes
49
What is alcohol linked to
Liver disease and brain function
50
How is non-communicable diseases be costly
Cost on NHS to research and treat millions of patients May also put someone out of work and affect economy
51
What is cancer caused by
Uncontrolled cell growth and division
52
What is a benign tumour
Where the tumour isn't cancerous and stays in the same place
53
What is a malignant tumour
Where the tumour is cancerous and can spread through the bloodstream
54
Risk factors for cancer
Smoking Obesity UV exposure Viral infection Genetic factors - BRCA mutations have been linked to breast cancer
55
Epidermal tissue
Covers the plant and is covered in a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss by evaporation The upper epidermis is also transparent to allow light in
56
Palisade mesophyll tissue
Where photosynthesis occurs - lots of chloroplasts
57
Spongy mesophyll
Air spaces to allow gases in diffuse in and out
58
Xylem and phloem
Form a network of vascular bundles
59
Meristem
Undifferentiated cells to help the plant grow
60
What does phloem do
Transport food substances made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for use
61
How is phloem adapted
Elongated and have small pores in end walls to allow cell sap to flow through Transport goes in both directions (called translocation)
62
Factors that affect the rate of transpiration
Light intensity Temperature Air flow Humidity
63
How are guard cells adapted to open/close stomata
Kidney shape Thin outer walls and thick inner walls Sensitive to light and close at night On the underside

Biology AQA GCSE (7 decks)

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