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Biology GCSE > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell

A

A cell with a nucleus

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2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell

A

A cell without a nucleus

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3
Q

What things do all eukaryotic cells have

A

Nucleus - controls activities of the cell
Cytoplasm - Where most of the chemical reactions happen
Cell membrane - Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out
Mitochondria - Most reactions for aerobic respiration occur here
Ribosomes - where proteins are synthesised

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4
Q

What extra bits do plant cells have

A

Cell wall - supports and strengthens the cell
Permanent vacuole - contains cell sap
Chloroplasts - Where photosynthesis occurs

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5
Q

What do bacterial cells have

A

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Cell wall
Plasmids

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6
Q

How big are bacterial cells

A

0.2-2.0 micrometres

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7
Q

What do light microscopes do

A

Use light and lenses to form an image of a specimen and magnify it

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8
Q

What do electron microscopes do

A

Use electrons instead of light to form an image
They have a much higher resolution and magnification

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9
Q

What is the equation for magnification

A

Magnification = image size/ real size

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10
Q

What is cell differentiation

A

Where a cell changes to become more specialised for their specific functions

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11
Q

How are sperm cells adapted for reproduction

A

Long tail and streamlined head for swimming
Lots of mitochondria for energy
Enzymes in head to digest through egg membrane

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12
Q

How are nerve cells specialised for rapid signalling

A

Long axon to cover more distance
Branched connections to connect to other nerve cells and create a network

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13
Q

How are muscle cells specialised for contraction

A

Long so they have space to contract
Lots of mitochondria for energy

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14
Q

How are root hair cells specialised for the uptake of minerals and ions

A

Have long hairs which increase SA for uptake
Mitochondria for active transport

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15
Q

How is xylem specialised for the uptake of water and minerals

A

Hollow so water and minerals can flow through
Lignin is deposited in spirals to withstand the pressure

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16
Q

Why is mitosis important

A

To grow or replace cells that have been damaged

17
Q

Stages of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

18
Q

Describe mitosis

A

DNA duplicates
Chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell and the cell fibres pull them apart
Membranes form around the 2 sets of chromosomes
Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
2 identical daughter cells

19
Q

Which kind of cells do binary fission

A

Prokaryotic

20
Q

Describe binary fission

A

Circular DNA and plasmid(s) replicate
Circular DNA strands move to opposite poles of the cell
Cytoplasm begins to divide
New cell walls begin to form
2 daughter cells produced

21
Q

How does the rate of binary fission depend on the environment

A

It can vary. In warm environments with nutrients bacteria can divide very quickly but if conditions become unfavourable the cells will stop dividing and die

22
Q

What are stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells

23
Q

Where are stem cells used for cloning found

A

Embryos and bone marrow

24
Q

What can cloned stem cells do

A

Differentiate into many different types of human cell

25
Q

What kind of conditions could stem cells treat

A

Blood conditions
Parkinsons
Diabetes
Paralysis due to spinal injuries

26
Q

Ethical issues against stem cells

A

Embryos shouldn’t be used as they each have a chance for life
Shouldn’t go against God

27
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants

A

Meristem
These meristem tissues can differentiate into any type of plant cell all throughout the plant’s life

28
Q

What can these meristem cells be used to do

A

Produce clones
To grow more plants of rare species
To grow more crops that have desired features

29
Q

What is diffusion

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

30
Q

What is osmosis

A

The net movement of water particles across a partially permeable membrane from a dilute region to a concentrated region

31
Q

What is active transport

A

The uptake of substances against the concentration gradient

32
Q

Where does active transport happen in humans

A

Taking glucose from the gut into the blood

33
Q

Examples of substances that are exchanged

A

O2 and CO2
Urea from cells into blood

34
Q

How are exchange surfaces adapted to maximise efficiency

A

Thin membrane
Large SA
Good blood flow
Ventilation

35
Q

How are the lungs adapted for gas exchange

A

Large SA
Thin walls
Good blood supply

36
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for absorption

A

Villi - Large SA
Good blood supply
Short diffusion distance

37
Q

How are the leaves in plants adapted for exchange

A

Stomata allows O2 and water vapour to diffuse out
Flat shape increases SA
Air spaces in the leaf increase the chance that CO2 diffuses in

38
Q

How are fish gills adapted for gas exchange

A

Large SA as the gill is made up from thin plates called filaments
Good blood flow
Thin surface layer
Large concentration gradient as blood and water flow over the gills in different directions

Biology GCSE (7 decks)

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