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Biology AQA GCSE > Infection and Response > Flashcards

Infection and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogens

A

Microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

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2
Q

How do bacteria make you feel ill

A

Secreting toxins

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3
Q

How do viruses make you feel ill

A

Reproduce inside of your cells
Mass copy themselves
Burst the cell releasing the copies

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4
Q

How do protists make you feel ill

A

Transmitted through vectors into/ onto your cells

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5
Q

How do fungi make you feel ill

A

Spores which are absorbed by the body

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5
Q

Examples of ways pathogens can spread

A

Water
Air
Direct Contact

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6
Q

What is measles

A

A virus

Spread by droplets from a person’s sneeze/cough
It can be very serious, causing rashes and sometimes inflammation of the brain

Most people are vaccinated against it as a child

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7
Q

What is HIV

A

A virus

Spread by sexual contact or sharing of blood. It causes flu-like symptoms for a few weeks and during this time it can be controlled with drugs

The virus attacks the immune cells

It lowers the body’s ability to cope with other pathogens

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8
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

A

A virus that affects plants

It causes a mosaic pattern on the plant that discolours parts of the leaves

Therefore the plant’s ability to carry out photosynthesis is affected, stunting growth

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9
Q

What is rose black spot

A

A fungus

Causes purple/black spots to develop on the leaves of rose plants

The leaves can then turn yellow and then drop off

Less photosynthesis can happen then

It spreads through wind/water

Treated using fungicides or stripping affected leaves

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10
Q

What is malaria

A

A protist transported by a mosquito

It can cause repeating episodes of fever and the spread can be stopped by stopping mosquitos from breeding

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11
Q

What is salmonella

A

bacteria that causes food poisoning

the infected can suffer from fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea

you get it by eating food contaminated with the bacteria

in the UK most poultry is vaccinated

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12
Q

what is gonorrhoea

A

a STI caused by bacteria

caused by sexual contact

originally treated with an antibiotic by trickier now due to resistance

treated using antibiotics and barrier methods of contraception

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13
Q

how can the spread of disease be reduced/prevented

A

being hygienic
destroying vectors
isolating infected individuals
vaccination

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14
Q

Examples of your body’s defence system (not white blood cells)

A

skin as a barrier to pathogens

hair and mucus in nose trap particles that could contain pathogens

cilia which trap and waft mucus to the back of your throat

stomach produces HCl which can kill pathogens

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15
Q

What can phagocytes do

A

engulf and destroy pathogens - called phagocytosis

16
Q

What can lymphocytes do

A

Produce antibodies that are specific to the antigen

Produce anti-toxins to the bacteria

17
Q

How do vaccines work

A

Inject with a dead or inactive pathogen so that the body produces the antibodies that are specific to that virus and then if the body is infected again it will respond quicker

18
Q

pros and cons of vaccines

A

pros:
help to control some diseases
herd immunity

cons:
don’t always work
side affects

19
Q

what are painkillers and how are they different to antibiotics

A

drugs that reduce the symptoms

this is different to antibiotics which kill the bacteria

antibiotics don’t work on viruses!

20
Q

how can bacteria mutate to become resistant

A

the non-resistant bacteria die and the resistant ones continue to live and multiply

eventually all the bacteria will be resistant

21
Q

How to slow down the rate of development of resistant bacteria

A

not over-prescribe bacteria
finish course

22
Q

what is aspirin and where did it originally come from

A

painkiller and found in willow

23
Q

where did digitalis come from and what is it

A

used to treat heart conditions and found in foxgloves

24
Q

how was penicillin discovered and by whom

A

alexander fleming

one of his petri dishes containing bacteria and had mould on it but a section of it did not

the mould was secreting a chemical (penicillin) that was killing the bacteria

25
Q

stages of testing drugs

A

Preclinical drug trials - Tested on cells in labs and on computer programs - used to test side effects

Animal trials - Tested on animals and monitoring them - can be used to figure out dose and side effects

Human clinical trials - tested on healthy volunteers to see side effects
Then tested on those suffering from the illness
Then placebo and double blind trials

Then peer review

26
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies produced from

A

Lots of clones of a single white blood cell

27
Q

How to produce monoclonal antibodies

A

Mouse injected with an antigen

Lymphocytes which can produce specific antibodies taken

Fused with a tumour cell to form a hybridoma which can produce the antibodies and divide rapidly

Cloned

Purified and stored

28
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy test

A

HCG binds to the antibodies
HCG is only found in the urine of pregnant women
It will ‘stick’ to the test strip

29
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat cancer

A

the antibodies, which are attached with an anti-cancer drug, can bind to the antigens on a tumour’s surface

it will kill just the tumour

30
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to test for substances

A

Bind to hormones and other chemicals in blood to measure their levels

Test for pathogens

Locate specific molecules on a cell/tissue

Use a fluorescent dye bound to the MA first

31
Q

Disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies

A

They can affect normal body cells when used to treat diseases

Can cause more side effects than initially expected

Expensive to develop

32
Q

What does nitrate deficiency look like in plants

A

Stunted growth as nitrates are needed to make proteins

33
Q

What does magnesium deficiency look like in plants

A

Yellow leaves as the plant is likely suffering from chlorosis as magnesium is needed for making chlorophyll

34
Q

What are the common signs a plant has a disease

A

Stunted growth
Abnormal growths
Spots on leaves
Malformed stems/leaves
Discolouration

35
Q

Examples of physical plant defences

A

Waxy cutices
Layers of dead cells (bark)
Cell walls

They form a physical barrier against pathogens

36
Q

Example of chemical plant defences

A

Antibacterial chemicals
Poisons

Secrete things to fight the pathogen

37
Q

Example of mechanical plant defences

A

Thorns and hairs
Drooping or curling
Mimicking

Putting predators off touching them

Biology AQA GCSE (7 decks)

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