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gcse biology > organisation > Flashcards

organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

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2
Q

What is an organ?

A

Group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function

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3
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function

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4
Q

Give an example of a tissue

A

epithelial

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5
Q

what is a catalyst?

A

A substance, which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up

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6
Q

explain the lock and key model

A

Every enzyme has an active site with a unique shape. The substrate fits into the active site and creates products.

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7
Q

what two conditions changes the rate of enzymes

A

Temperature and pH

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8
Q

what do enzymes do?

A

Wake up, big molecules into smaller ones for digestion

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9
Q

What enzyme converts carbohydrates and what does it convert them into?

A

Carbohydrase and simple sugars

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10
Q

give an example of carbohydrase and where it is made

A

amylase, salivary, glands, pancreas, small intestine

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11
Q

what converts proteins and what does it convert them into?

A

Protease and amino acids

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12
Q

where is protease made?

A

Stomach (pepsin), pancreas, small intestine

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13
Q

what converts lipids and what does it convert them into?

A

Lipase and glycerol and fatty acids

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14
Q

where is lipase made?

A

Pancreas, small intestine

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15
Q

where is bile produced and stored

A

It’s produced in the Liver.
it is stored in the gallbladder before it’s released into the small intestine

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16
Q

what does bile do?

A

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach makes the pH to acidic for enzymes in the small intestine to work properly. Bile is alkaline so it neutralises the acid to make conditions alkaline.

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17
Q

Where does oxygen go when you breathe it in?

A

Through the trachea, then splits into two tubes called bronchi, going into each lung. The bronchi split into bronchioles, which finally end at small bags called alveoli where gas exchange takes place.

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18
Q

How does gas exchange happen in alveoli?

A

they are surrounded by capillaries. The blood passing next to the alveoli has just returned to the lungs so contains a lot of carbon dioxide and little oxygen. Oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus into the blood. carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli.

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19
Q

What valves do?

A

Prevent blood flowing backwards

20
Q

what does blood flow through to get to the right atria?

A

The vena cava

21
Q

What does blood flow through to get to the left atria?

A

Pulmonary vein

22
Q

What takes blood to the lungs?

A

The pulmonary artery

23
Q

What does bloody leave out of on the left side of the heart

A

Aorta

24
Q

explain how blood flows to the heart on the right side

A

Enters right, atria through vena cava. Atria contracts, pushing blood into ventricles. Ventricles contract, forcing blood into pulmonary artery.

25
Q

explain how blood flows through the heart on the right side

A

Enters left atria through pulmonary vein. Atria contract, pushing blood into left ventricle. Ventricle contracts and leaves through the aorta.

26
Q

What supplies blood to the heart?

A

Coronary arteries

27
Q

what is a pacemaker?

A

A group of cells in the right atrium wall that control the heart rate

28
Q

Features of an artery

A

walls are strong and elastic because blood is pumped at a high-pressure. Wall are thick compared to the size of the hole. Thick layers of muscle to make them strong and elastic fibre to allow them to stretch and spring back.

29
Q

Features of a capillary

A

Carry blood really close to every cell to exchange substances. Permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out. Supply food and oxygen and take away waste. Walls are one cell thick which increases the rate of diffusion

30
Q

Features of veins

A

thinner wall. Bigger lumen (hole). Valves

31
Q

Name the four main things in blood

A

Red blood cell, white blood cell, platelets and plasma

32
Q

How is the red blood cell specialised?

A

biconcave disc so there’s a large surface area for absorbing oxygen. No nucleus to allow more room. Red pigment called haemoglobin.

33
Q

 what do white blood cells do?

A

change shape to engulf unwelcome microorganisms in a process called phagocytosis. Others produce antibodies to fight, microorganisms and antitoxin to neutralise toxins.

34
Q

What is plasma?

A

Pale straw coloured liquid, which carries everything

35
Q

what is coronary heart disease?

A

When the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart, get blocked by layers of fat. this causes arteries to become narrow so blood flow is restricted, and there’s a lack of oxygen which can result in a heart attack.

36
Q

What is a stent?

A

Tubes that inserted inside arteries that keep them open.

37
Q

Pros and cons of a stent

A

Effective for a long time and recovery from the surgery is quick. however, there’s risks of complications and infections from surgery and also a risk of patients developing a blood clot near the stent

38
Q

what is a statin

A

Drugs that can reduce the amount of bad cholesterol present in the bloodstream

39
Q

pros and cons of statins

A

reduced risk of strokes, coronary heart disease, and heart attacks. increase the amount of a beneficial cholesterol. Prevents other diseases. However, there’s a risk that someone forgets to take the drug. They can sometimes cause negative side-effects which can become serious. The effect isn’t instant either

40
Q

What is an advantage of an artificial heart

A

Less likely to be rejected by the bodies immune system

41
Q

what is a disadvantage of an artificial heart

A

They don’t work as well, parts could wear out or fail. Blood doesn’t flow as smoothly which can lead to blood clots and strokes.

42
Q

what can you replace valves with?

A

Biological valves or mechanical valves

43
Q

What do epidermal tissues do?

A

They are covered in a waxy cuticle, which helps to reduce water loss by evaporation

44
Q

what does the upper epidermis do?

A

It’s transparent, so that light can pass through it to the palisade layer

45
Q

what does the palisade layer do?

A

It has lots of chloroplasts, which means they get a lot of light because they’re near the top of the leaf

46
Q

what does the xylem and phloem do

A

They form a network of vascular bundles which deliver water and nutrients to the entire leaf. They take away glucose produced by photosynthesis, and also help support the structure.

gcse biology (7 decks)

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