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gcse biology > cell biology > Flashcards

cell biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Complex and include all animal and plant cells. has a nucleus

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2
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Smaller and simpler

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3
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

Organisms made up of eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

prokaryotic cell (single celled organism)

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5
Q

what is the nucleus do?

A

Contains genetic material that controls the activities of a cell

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6
Q

What is mitochondria do?

A

Where reactions for aerobic respiration take place, which transfers energy that the cell needs

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7
Q

What does a cytoplasm do?

A

Where most of the chemical reactions happen

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8
Q

What does a cell membrane do?

A

Controls what goes in and out

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9
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Where proteins are made

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10
Q

what does a cell wall do?

A

Made of cellulose. It supports and strengthens the cell.

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11
Q

what does vacuole do?

A

Contains cell, sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts

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12
Q

what does chloroplast do?

A

 what photosynthesis occurs. It contains chlorophyll which absorbs the light needed.

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13
Q

What does a bacterial cell look like

A

Pray they are prokaryotes, so, instead of a nucleus, they have a single circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm. They may also have one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids.

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14
Q

What do light microscopes let us see

A

individual cells, and large, subcellular structures like nuclei

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15
Q

What would you use an electro microscope to see?

A

Internal structure of mitochondria and chloroplast

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16
Q

how do you calculate the magnification of an image

A

Image size/real size

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17
Q

Name the parts of a light microscope

A

eye piece. fine Adjustment knob. coarse adjustment knob, light, stage, objective lenses

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18
Q

what are differentiated cells used for in mature animals?

A

Repairing and replacing cells

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19
Q

How are sperm cells specialised

A

Long tail and streamlined head to swim. Lots of mitochondria for energy. Enzymes to digest through egg cell membrane.

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20
Q

how are nerve cells specialised

A

Long to cover more distance and branched connections to connect to other nerve cells and form a network

21
Q

how are muscle cells specialised

A

Long, so they have space to contract and lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for the contraction

22
Q

how are root hair cell specialised?

A

they grow into long hair that stick out into the soil. This gives the plant a big surface area for absorbing water and mineral irons from the soil.

23
Q

how and phloem and xylem cell specialised

A

form tubes which transport substances such as food or water around. cells are long and joined at enter to form tubes. xylem cells are hollow and phloem cells have few subcellular structures so stuff can flow through

24
Q

where are Stem
cells found

A

Human embryos and bone marrow

25
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

coiled up length of DNA molecules,
each carrying a large number of genes

26
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do we have in a cell

A

23

27
Q

what is mitosis?

A

 the stage of a cell cycle where cell divides

28
Q

explain the steps of mitosis

A

The chromosomes lineup at the centre and self fires pull apart. The two arms of each chromosome opposite end of the cell. membrane form around each of the sets, becoming the nuclei. Then the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide

29
Q

what are the new cells of mitosis called?

A

New daughter cells

30
Q

How to prokaryotic cells divide

A

binary fission

31
Q

explain binary fission

A

The circular DNA and plasmids replicate. The cell gets bigger and the circular DNA moved to opposite end of the cell. Cytoplasm begins to divide a new cell walls form. Cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced.

32
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The spreading out of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

33
Q

How is diffusion used by cell membranes?

A

even though they hold the cell together, they let stuff in and out. Dissolve substances can move in and out by diffusion.

34
Q

what is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

35
Q

what is active transport

A

What is substance needs to be absorbed against a concentration gradient so from a lower to higher concentration

36
Q

How to root hair cells use active transport

A

Because they are covered in hairs it has a high surface area. Plants need mineral irons from the soil for healthy growth. Concentration of minerals is usually higher in the root hair cell than in the soil. So the root hair cell needs to use active transport.

37
Q

What is active transport needed in humans?

A

When there is a lower concentration of nutrients in the gut, but a higher concentration of nutrients in the blood. This means glucose can be taken into the bloodstream.

38
Q

How to organisms exchange substances with the environment?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide transferred between cells and the environment during gas change

39
Q

How are exchange surfaces adapted to maximise effectiveness?

A

send membrane so a short distance to diffuse, large surface area, so lots can diffuse at once, in animals They have a lot of blood vessels to get stuff in and out of the blood quickly. Gas exchange surfaces in animals are often ventilated too

40
Q

What is alveoli?

A

 little air socks in the lungs where gas exchange takes place to transfer oxygen to the blood and remove waste carbon dioxide from it

41
Q

How are alveoli specialised?

A

enormous surface area, moist lining for dissolving gases, very thin walls, good blood supply

42
Q

what is villi

A

millions of tiny projections in intestines that increase the surface area so digestive food is absorbed much more quickly into the blood

43
Q

how are villi adapted?

A

Single layer of surface cells, very good blood supply to assist quick absorption

44
Q

How does carbon dioxide diffuse into leaves?

A

into spaces within the leaf and into cells where photosynthesis happens

45
Q

how is a leaf adapted to let carbon dioxide diffuse into leaves?

A

The underneath of the leaf is an exchange surface, and it’s covered in holes called stomata, which the carbon dioxide diffuses in through. Oxygen and water vapour diffuse out.guard cells control the stomata by closing if the plant is losing water fast than it is being replaced by the roots. The flattened shape of a leaf increases surface area. The walls of the cells inside the leaf from another exchange surface. the air spaces inside the leaf increased the area so there’s more chance to get carbon dioxide in the cells

46
Q


what is the gas exchange surface in a fish?

A

gills

47
Q

how do gills allow gas exchange?

A

oxygenated water and just threw the mouth and part out through the gills. The oxygen diffuses from the water into the blood in the and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the water.

48
Q

how are gills adapted for gas exchange

A

Each gill is made of lots of thin plates called gill filaments which give a big surface area for exchange of gases. gill filaments are covered in tiny structures called lamellae which increased surface area more.

49
Q

how are lamellae adapted

A

lots of blood capillaries to speed up diffusion. Thin surface layer of cells to minimise the distance that the gases have to diffuse. blood flows in One Direction and water flows in the opposite direction To maintain a large concentration gradient.

gcse biology (7 decks)

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