infection and response Flashcards

1
Q

communicable disease vs non communicable

A

communicable: can be spread from person to person via pathogens

non communicable cannot

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2
Q

what is a pathogen and what are the types

A

microorganisms that cause infectious diseases
bacteria
viruses
protists
fungi

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3
Q

how are pathogens spread

A

air
water
direct contact

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4
Q

how to prevent spread of pathogens

A
  • basic hygiene eg washing hands
  • condoms
  • isolate patients
  • vaccinations
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5
Q

how does bacteria make you feel ill

A
  • reproduce rapidly when inside body
  • release toxins, which damage tissues and make us feel ill
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6
Q

how do viruses make you feel ill

A

reproduces rapidly inside cells, causing them to burst and die which causes us to feel ill

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7
Q

what disease is measles and give causes, symptoms, prevention

A

virus
- spread when droplets in air from cough or sneeze are inhaled
- fever, red skin rash, damaged breathing system, damaged brain, fatal
-vaccination when young

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8
Q

what disease is hiv and give causes, symptoms, and preventions

A

virus
- sexual contact, exchanging fluid eg sharing infected needles
- flu symptoms, damages immune system until other infections & cancer cells cannot be fought off (late stage HIV, or AIDS, - fatal)
-antiretroviral drugs stop the virus replicating - taken for lifetime

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9
Q

what disease is salmonella and what are the causes, symptoms, and preventions

A

bacterial
- ingesting infected food
- fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
- chicken vaccinated

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10
Q

what disease is gonorrhoea and what are the causes, symptoms, and preventions

A

bacterial
- sexual contact
- thick yellow or green discharge from penis/vagina, pain when urinating
- originally penicillin, however strains of bacteria have become resistant. condoms, getting tested for antibiotic prescriptions

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11
Q

what disease is malaria and what are the causes, symptoms, and preventions

A

protist
- person with malaria bitten, pathogen passes into mosquito (vector), mosquito bites another person, pathogen passes into person
- fever, fatal
- draining still water to stop breeding, insecticides, & mosquito nets

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12
Q

what disease is tobacco mosaic virus and what are the symptoms

A

virus in plants
- discolouration in mosaic pattern, reduces phtsyths & growth

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13
Q

what disease is rose black spot and what are the causes, symptoms and preventions

A

fungal in plants
- spread by water/wind
- purple/black spots, turns yellow & fall off. reduces phtsyths & growth
- fungicides, destroy infected leaves

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14
Q

causes of plant damage

A

insects aphids extract nutrients from plant, stunting growth

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15
Q

signs of plant disease

A
  • presence of insects that may carry disease
  • discolouration
  • spots on leaves
  • stunted growth
  • decay
  • abnormal growths
  • malformed stems or leaves
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16
Q

how to identify plant disease

A
  • manuals and websites
  • in a lab
  • testing kits using monoclonal antibodies
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17
Q

how can plants get disease without pathogens

A

plant ion deficiency disease

lack of:
- nitrate ion: prevents protein synthesis, stunts growth
- magnesium ion: no chlorophyll, causing chlorosis

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18
Q

plant physical defences

A
  • cellulose cell wall
  • leaves covered in waxy cuticle
  • dead cells around stem, eg bark

makes it difficult for microorganisms to penetrate

19
Q

plant chemical defences

A
  • produce antibacterial chemicals, kills bacteria
  • produce poison to deter herbivores
20
Q

plant mechanical defences

A
  • thorns or irritable hairs to deter herbivores
  • leaves that droop or curl when touched, knock off insects
  • mimic other organisms eg mimic stinging nettle
21
Q

bacteria vs virus

A

bacteria can reproduce every 20 mins, viruses can only reproduce inside a host

viruses cannot be killed by antibiotics, bacteria can

22
Q

define health

A

the state of physical and mental well-being

23
Q

why might some people be more likely to catch a disease than others?

A

diseases can interact
eg TB can usually be fought off by immune system, however someone with HIV will have defective immune system

disease can cause another
eg HPV is usually typically harmless, however can cause cervical cancer

disease can be triggered by immune system
eg allergies, asthma, dermatitis

mental illness can be triggered by physical illness
eg arthritis can cause depression from isolation and lack of movement

24
Q

how do humans fight disease

A
  • non specific defence system
  • immune system
25
Q

what is the non specific defence system with specifics

A

features of body that prevent pathogens entering

Skin - protective layer, has dead cells (hard to penetrate), secretes sebum (kills bacteria), able to form scabs when layer is damaged

hair & mucus - trap pathogens

cilia - line trachea and bronchi, covered in mucus (traps pathogens) and wafts them to throat to be swallowed to stomach

stomach - hydrochloric acid kills pathogen

26
Q

ways that immune system fights disease

A

white blood cells
- phagocytosis
- antibodies

27
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

When white blood cells detect, ingest, and destroy pathogens using enzymes

28
Q

how do white blood fight disease using antibodies and antitoxins?

A
  • pathogen has antigens on surface
  • WBC produces antibodies
  • binds to antigen & triggers other WBCs to destroy
  • antibody is specific to pathogen
  • antibody stays in body, fights faster if pathogen invades again
  • WBC produces antitoxins
  • binds to toxins to prevent them damaging cells
29
Q

how are antibodies produced

A

by lymphocytes in response to antigens (anything foreign)

30
Q

what is a monoclonal antibody

A

identical antibodies from a cloned white blood cell, meaning all the antibodies are identical and will only target one specific antigen

31
Q

how to target one specific antigen

A

monoclonal antibodies
- inject mouse with antigen
- lymphocytes in mouse produce antibodies against antigen
- lymphocytes collected
- lymphocytes wont divide by mitosis, so fused with tumour cells, which divide lots
- hybridoma cell produced, one that contains wanted antibody selected
- divides by mitosis to get clones of identical cells, which will produce identical antibodies (monoclonal antibodies)
- antibodies collected and purified

32
Q

uses of monoclonal antibodies and disadvantage

A
  • accurate pregnancy tests that are cheap and easy to use
  • measure hormone levels. blood sample taken and tested using monoclonal antibodies
  • attach to dyes to locate or identify specific molecules in cell or tissue
  • treating cancer. monoclonal antibodies made specific to cancer cells & attach toxic drug to stop mitosis. doesnt affect body cells
  • harmful side effects
33
Q

what do vaccines contain and why

A

Dead or weakened pathogens so it cannot lead to disease

34
Q

What is a vaccination do?

A

Create immunity without making you sick

35
Q

how do vaccinations work?

A
  • dead or weakened pathogens injected into body
  • WBC responds like normal, produces antibodies/antitoxins
    -WBC divides via mitosis
  • copies stay in blood, can rapidly produce correct antibodies if live pathogen invades
36
Q

what is herd immunity

A

vaccinating a large number of people, so those unvaccinated (migrated, missed when younger) cannot catch disease as no one can pass pathogen on

37
Q

what drugs can be prescribed for disease and what are the negatives

A

painkillers - relieve symtpoms, do not kill pathogens

antibiotics - kill bacteria in body without damaging body cells. carefully prescribed as specific antibiotics kill specific pathogens.
- antibiotic resistance -> drug overused, bacteria evolves to withstand

38
Q

why is it difficult to treat viruses

A

viruses live inside human body cells, difficult to kill without damaging tissue

39
Q

name medicines and where they are extracted from

A

digitalis - foxglove
aspirin - willow
penicillin - the mould penicillium

40
Q

what are drugs tested for?

A

efficacy, safety, dosage

41
Q

what is the order of things that get tested on for medicine and drugs?

A

preclinical (non-human): Cells, tissues, animals, in lab
clinical (human): a few healthy people with low dose, healthy people to find optimal dose

42
Q

how can you test how well a drug works

A

double blind trial:
patients randomly split:
- one group receive active drug
- one group receive placebo
- neither patients or doctors know who has taken what to stop bias of doctors monitoring active group

43
Q

how to pregnancy test work?

A

there is a hormone only found in pregnant women
there are antibodies to this hormone on the bit you wee on, with blue beads attached
the hormone binds to these antibodies/beads
moves up stick, carrying hormones/beads
there are more antibodies on the test strip that are stuck on
hormone binds to the antibodies on this strip, blue beads with it
strip turns blue