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Biology Paper 1 > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

Digestion, Cardiovascular system, Health & Disease, Plants (organs, tissues, systems)

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1
Q

What are statins?

A

a type of drug that reduces levels of cholesterol in the blood

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2
Q

What are stents?

A

tubes that are inserted inside arteries

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3
Q

What are the risks of using stents?

A

risk of complications during the operation (e.g. heart attack), infection from surgery and developing a blood clot near the stent- called thrombosis

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4
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

when the coronary arteries that supply the blood to the muscle of the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material building up

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5
Q

equation for the rate of blood flow

A

blood flow = volume of blood / time

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6
Q

describe three features of veins

A
  • thin walls
  • valves
  • large lumen
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7
Q

describe two features of capillaries

A
  • walls are one cell thick
  • small lumen
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8
Q

do arteries carry blood at a high or low pressure?

A

high

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9
Q

do veins have a small or large lumen?

A

large

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10
Q

function of capillaries

A

link arteries and veins and deliver/remove substances to cells via diffusion

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11
Q

function of veins

A

carry blood away from organs towards your heart

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12
Q

give three features of arteries

A
  • thick wall
  • thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres
  • small lumen
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13
Q

is blood flow in veins high or low?

A

low

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14
Q

what is the function of arteries

A

to carry blood away from your heart

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15
Q

what is the name of the hollow tube down the centre of blood vessels?

A

lumen

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16
Q

How does light intensity affect transpiration?

A

Higher light intensity generally increases transpiration because it stimulates the opening of stomata.

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17
Q

Describe the process of transpiration in plants.

A

Transpiration is the removal of water vapour via evaporation from plant surfaces, primarily through small openings called stomata.

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18
Q

Explain the relationship between air movement and transpiration.

A

Increased air movement enhances transpiration by carrying away water vapour from the plant’s surface.

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19
Q

How do guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata?

A

Guard cells change shape in response to environmental conditions. When they swell (turgid) stomata open, and when they shrink stomata close (flaccid)

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20
Q

How do root hair cells take up mineral ions?

A

Root hair cells use active transport to absorb mineral ions from the soil.

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21
Q

How does cell sap move through phloem tissue?

A

through pores in the end walls

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22
Q

How does changing temperature impact transpiration?

A

Higher temperatures generally increase the rate of transpiration due to increased water evaporation from plant surfaces.

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23
Q

What effect does increased humidity have on transpiration?

A

High humidity reduces transpiration because the air is already saturated with moisture.

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24
Q

What factors can affect the rate of transpiration in plants?

A

Temperature, humidity, air movement, and light intensity.

25
Q

What is the function of guard cells

A

Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata to control gas exchange and water loss.

26
Q

What is the process of moving food molecules through phloem tissue called?

A

translocation

27
Q

What is the role of stomata in transpiration?

A

Stomata are small openings in plant leaves that allow for gas exchange and water vapour release during transpiration.

28
Q

Why is lignin important in xylem tissue?

A

Lignin provides strength to xylem cells, allowing them to transport water in the transpiration stream.

29
Q

Is the phloem made of alive or dead cells

A

Alive

30
Q

What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates

A

Amylase

31
Q

What enzyme breaks down lipids

A

Lipases

32
Q

What enzyme breaks down protein

A

Protease

33
Q

What is an enzyme

A

a catalyst made of living organisms

34
Q

What is the function of the mouth

A

to physically break down the food and chemically break down carbohydrates with the saliva

35
Q

What is the role of the small intestines?

A

to absorb the nutrients into the bloodstream and produce enzymes to aid digestion

36
Q

What organ produces bile

A

the liver

37
Q

Why are xylem end walls broken

A

to allow water and dissolved minerals to move through.

38
Q

Why is the lining of the small intestines covered with villi

A

to increase the surface area

39
Q

what are lipids broken down into

A

glycerol and fatty acids

40
Q

what are the risks of mechanical valves

A

higher risk of bloodclots so you need to take anti-clotting drugs

41
Q

what are the risks/disadvantages of biological valves

A

they need to be replaced

42
Q

what are the two issues that can occur with valves

A

valves can become stiff, not allowing blood to flow easily or the valve doesnt close properly and blood can backflow

43
Q

What condition may be treated using an artificial pacemaker?

A

arrhythmia or an irregular heart beat

44
Q

Where are the pacemaker cells

A

Right Atrium

45
Q

what enzyme does the gallbladder store

A

Bile

46
Q

what factors affect enzyme reaction

A

temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration

47
Q

what happens to enzymes when the temperature is too high

A

the active site denatures and the enzyme is unable to bind to the substrate

48
Q

what is an active site

A

a region on the enzyme that is specific to the shape of the substrate

49
Q

what is protein broken down into

A

amino acid

50
Q

what is the function of bile

A

neutralise the acid in the stomach and emulsify lipids

51
Q

what is the function of the stomach

A
  • contract its walls to churn the food
  • release pepsin to break down protein
  • release hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and provide right environment for pepsin
52
Q

what is the lock and key idea

A

that the enzymes active site and the substrate have to fit perfectly within eachother

53
Q

what two organs release enzymes into the small intestines

A

pancreas and gallbladder

54
Q

whats the function of the large intestines

A

to absorb any excess water from the small intestines

55
Q

whats the function of the rectum

A

to store faeces

56
Q

where is amylase made?

A

salivary glands, pancreas, small intestines

57
Q

where is lipases produced?

A

pancreas and small intestines

58
Q

where is protease produced in

A

stomach (pepsin), pancreas, small intestines

Biology Paper 1 (5 decks)

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