Organisation

Question 1

What are statins?

Answer 1

a type of drug that reduces levels of cholesterol in the blood

Question 2

What are stents?

Answer 2

tubes that are inserted inside arteries

Question 3

What are the risks of using stents?

Answer 3

risk of complications during the operation (e.g. heart attack), infection from surgery and developing a blood clot near the stent- called thrombosis

Question 4

What is coronary heart disease?

Answer 4

when the coronary arteries that supply the blood to the muscle of the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material building up

Question 5

equation for the rate of blood flow

Answer 5

blood flow = volume of blood / time

Question 6

describe three features of veins

Answer 6

• thin walls
• valves
• large lumen

Question 7

describe two features of capillaries

Answer 7

• walls are one cell thick
• small lumen

Question 8

do arteries carry blood at a high or low pressure?

Answer 8

high

Question 9

do veins have a small or large lumen?

Answer 9

large

Question 10

function of capillaries

Answer 10

link arteries and veins and deliver/remove substances to cells via diffusion

Question 11

function of veins

Answer 11

carry blood away from organs towards your heart

Question 12

give three features of arteries

Answer 12

• thick wall
• thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres
• small lumen

Question 13

is blood flow in veins high or low?

Answer 13

low

Question 14

what is the function of arteries

Answer 14

to carry blood away from your heart

Question 15

what is the name of the hollow tube down the centre of blood vessels?

Answer 15

lumen

Question 16

How does light intensity affect transpiration?

Answer 16

Higher light intensity generally increases transpiration because it stimulates the opening of stomata.

Question 17

Describe the process of transpiration in plants.

Answer 17

Transpiration is the removal of water vapour via evaporation from plant surfaces, primarily through small openings called stomata.

Question 18

Explain the relationship between air movement and transpiration.

Answer 18

Increased air movement enhances transpiration by carrying away water vapour from the plant’s surface.

Question 19

How do guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata?

Answer 19

Guard cells change shape in response to environmental conditions. When they swell (turgid) stomata open, and when they shrink stomata close (flaccid)

Question 20

How do root hair cells take up mineral ions?

Answer 20

Root hair cells use active transport to absorb mineral ions from the soil.

Question 21

How does cell sap move through phloem tissue?

Answer 21

through pores in the end walls

Question 22

How does changing temperature impact transpiration?

Answer 22

Higher temperatures generally increase the rate of transpiration due to increased water evaporation from plant surfaces.

Question 23

What effect does increased humidity have on transpiration?

Answer 23

High humidity reduces transpiration because the air is already saturated with moisture.

Question 24

What factors can affect the rate of transpiration in plants?

Answer 24

Temperature, humidity, air movement, and light intensity.

Question 25

What is the function of guard cells

Answer 25

Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata to control gas exchange and water loss.

Question 26

What is the process of moving food molecules through phloem tissue called?

Answer 26

translocation

Question 27

What is the role of stomata in transpiration?

Answer 27

Stomata are small openings in plant leaves that allow for gas exchange and water vapour release during transpiration.

Question 28

Why is lignin important in xylem tissue?

Answer 28

Lignin provides strength to xylem cells, allowing them to transport water in the transpiration stream.

Question 29

Is the phloem made of alive or dead cells

Answer 29

Alive

Question 30

What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates

Answer 30

Amylase

Question 31

What enzyme breaks down lipids

Answer 31

Lipases

Question 32

What enzyme breaks down protein

Answer 32

Protease

Question 33

What is an enzyme

Answer 33

a catalyst made of living organisms

Question 34

What is the function of the mouth

Answer 34

to physically break down the food and chemically break down carbohydrates with the saliva

Question 35

What is the role of the small intestines?

Answer 35

to absorb the nutrients into the bloodstream and produce enzymes to aid digestion

Question 36

What organ produces bile

Answer 36

the liver

Question 37

Why are xylem end walls broken

Answer 37

to allow water and dissolved minerals to move through.

Question 38

Why is the lining of the small intestines covered with villi

Answer 38

to increase the surface area

Question 39

what are lipids broken down into

Answer 39

glycerol and fatty acids

Question 40

what are the risks of mechanical valves

Answer 40

higher risk of bloodclots so you need to take anti-clotting drugs

Question 41

what are the risks/disadvantages of biological valves

Answer 41

they need to be replaced

Question 42

what are the two issues that can occur with valves

Answer 42

valves can become stiff, not allowing blood to flow easily or the valve doesnt close properly and blood can backflow

Question 43

What condition may be treated using an artificial pacemaker?

Answer 43

arrhythmia or an irregular heart beat

Question 44

Where are the pacemaker cells

Answer 44

Right Atrium

Question 45

what enzyme does the gallbladder store

Answer 45

Bile

Question 46

what factors affect enzyme reaction

Answer 46

temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration

Question 47

what happens to enzymes when the temperature is too high

Answer 47

the active site denatures and the enzyme is unable to bind to the substrate

Question 48

what is an active site

Answer 48

a region on the enzyme that is specific to the shape of the substrate

Question 49

what is protein broken down into

Answer 49

amino acid

Question 50

what is the function of bile

Answer 50

neutralise the acid in the stomach and emulsify lipids

Question 51

what is the function of the stomach

Answer 51

- contract its walls to churn the food - release pepsin to break down protein - release hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and provide right environment for pepsin

Question 52

what is the lock and key idea

Answer 52

that the enzymes active site and the substrate have to fit perfectly within eachother

Question 53

what two organs release enzymes into the small intestines

Answer 53

pancreas and gallbladder

Question 54

whats the function of the large intestines

Answer 54

to absorb any excess water from the small intestines

Question 55

whats the function of the rectum

Answer 55

to store faeces

Question 56

where is amylase made?

Answer 56

salivary glands, pancreas, small intestines

Question 57

where is lipases produced?

Answer 57

pancreas and small intestines

Question 58

where is protease produced in

Answer 58

stomach (pepsin), pancreas, small intestines